Cancer Among the Inuit

I remember coming across a table in the book Eat, Drink and Be Healthy (by Dr. Walter Willett) a few years back. Included were data taken from Dr. Ancel Keys' "Seven Countries Study". It showed the cancer rates for three industrialized nations: the US, Greece and Japan. Although specific cancers differed, the overall rate was remarkably similar for all three: about 90 cancers per 100,000 people per year. Life expectancy was also similar, with Greece leading the pack by 4 years (the data are from the 60s).

The conclusion I drew at the time was that lifestyle did not affect the likelihood of developing cancer. It was easy to see from the same table that heart disease was largely preventable, since the US had a rate of 189 per 100,000 per year, compared to Japan's 34. Especially since I also knew that Japanese-Americans who eat an American diet get heart disease just like European-Americans.

I fell prey to the same logic that is so pervasive today: the idea that you will eventually die of cancer if no other disease gets you first. It's easy to believe, since the epidemiology seems to tell us that lifestyle doesn't affect overall cancer rates very much. There's only one little glitch... those epidemiological studies compare the sick to the sicker.

Here's the critical fact that modern medicine seems to have forgotten: hunter-gatherers and numerous non-industrial populations throughout the world have unusually low cancer rates. This idea was widely accepted in the 19th century and the early 20th, but has somehow managed to fade into obscurity.  Allow me to explain.

I recently read Cancer, Disease of Civilization by Vilhjalmur Stefansson (thanks Peter). Stefansson was an anthropologist and arctic explorer who participated in the search for cancer among the Canadian and Alaskan Inuit. Traditionally, most Inuit groups were mostly carnivorous, eating a diet of raw and cooked meat and fish almost exclusively. Their calories came primarily from fat. They alternated between seasons of low and high physical activity, typically enjoyed an abundant food supply yet also periodically faced famines.

Field physicians in the arctic noted that the Inuit were a remarkably healthy people. While they suffered from a tragic susceptibility to European communicable diseases, they did not develop the chronic diseases we now view as part of being human: tooth decay, overweight, heart attacks, appendicitis, constipation, diabetes and cancer. When word reached American and European physicians that the Inuit did not develop cancer, a number of them decided to mount an active search for it. This search began in the 1850s and tapered off in the 1920s, as traditionally-living Inuit became difficult to find.

One of these physicians was captain George B. Leavitt. He actively searched for cancer among the traditionally-living Inuit from 1885 to 1907. Along with his staff, he claims to have performed tens of thousands of examinations. He did not find a single case of cancer. At the same time, he was regularly diagnosing cancers among the crews of whaling ships and other Westernized populations. It's important to note two relevant facts about Inuit culture: first, their habit of going shirtless indoors. This would make visual inspection for external cancers very easy. Second, the Inuit generally had great faith in Western doctors and would consult them even for minor problems. Therefore, doctors in the arctic had ample opportunity to inspect them for cancer.

A study was published in 1934 by F.S. Fellows in the US Treasury's Public Health Reports entitled "Mortality in the Native Races of the Territory of Alaska, With Special Reference to Tuberculosis". It contained a table of cancer mortality deaths for several Alaskan regions, all of them Westernized to some degree. However, some were more Westernized than others. In descending order of Westernization, the percent of deaths from cancer were as follows:


Keep in mind that all four of the Inuit populations in this table were somewhat Westernized. It's clear that cancer incidence tracks well with Westernization, although other factors could be involved in producing this result (such as poorer diagnosis in less Westernized regions). By "Westernization", what I mean mostly is the adoption of European food habits, including wheat flour, sugar, canned goods and vegetable oil. Later, most groups also adopted Western-style houses, which incidentally were not at all suited to their harsh climate.

In the next post, I'll address the classic counter-argument that hunter-gatherers were free of cancer because they didn't live long enough to develop it.

Cancer and the Immune System

My understanding of cancer has changed radically over the past few months. I used to think of it as an inevitable consequence of aging, a stochastic certainty. The human body is made of about 50 trillion cells, many of which replicate their DNA and divide regularly. It's only a matter of time until one of those cells randomly accumulates the wrong set of mutations, and loses the molecular brakes that restrict uncontrolled growth.

Strictly speaking, the idea is correct. That is how cancer begins. However, there's another check in place that operates outside the cancer cell itself: the immune system. A properly functioning immune system can recognize and destroy cancerous cells before they become dangerous to the organism. In fact, your immune system has probably already controlled or destroyed a number of them in your lifetime.

I recently read a fascinating account of some preliminary findings from the lab of Dr. Zheng Cui at Wake Forest university. His group took blood samples from 100 people and purified a type of immune cell called the granulocyte. They then evaluated the granulocytes' ability to kill cervical cancer cells in a cell culture dish. They found that it varied dramatically from one individual to another. One person's granulocytes killed 97% of the cancer cells in 24 hours, while another person's killed 2%.

They found some important trends. Granulocytes from people over 50 years old had a reduced ability to kill cancer cells, as did granulocytes from people with cancer. This raises the possibility that cancer is not simply the result of getting too old, but a very specific weakening of the immune system.

The most important finding, however, was that the granulocytes' kung-fu grip declined dramatically during the winter months. Here's Dr. Cui:

Nobody seems to have any cancer-killing ability during the
winter months from November to April.

Hmm, I wonder why that could be?? Vitamin D anyone??

Mendulang Recehan Dengan PPC Indo

Belakangan ini Program PPC alias Pay Per Clik buatan tanah air banyak bermunculan. Beberapa yang saya ikuti antara lain KlikSaya.com ama PPCIndo.com. Ga seperti Google Adsense yang lebih dominan untuk situs berbahasa Inggris. Situs PPC asal Indo ini memang dibuat untuk para pemilik blog atau situs berbahasa Indonesia.

Bagi kamu yang ingin mendulang recehan gampang kok mengikuti program ini. Recehan...? ih kesannya dikit amat....

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Celiac and Fat-Soluble Vitamins

One of the things I've been thinking about lately is the possibility that intestinal damage due to gluten grains (primarily wheat) contributes to the diseases of civilization by inhibiting the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. If it were a contributing factor, we would expect to see a higher incidence of the common chronic diseases in newly-diagnosed celiac patients, who are often deficient in fat-soluble vitamins. We might also see a resolution of chronic disease in celiac patients who have been adhering faithfully to a long-term, gluten-free diet.

One thing that definitely associates with celiac disease is bone and tooth problems. Celiac patients often present with osteoporosis, osteopenia (thin bones), cavities or tooth enamel abnormalities (thanks Peter).

An Italian study showed that among 642 heart transplant candidates, 1.9% had anti-endomyosal antibodies (a feature of celiac), compared with 0.35% of controls. That's more than a 5-fold enrichment! The majority of those patients were presumably unaware of their celiac disease, so they were not eating a gluten-free diet.

Interestingly, celiac doesn't seem to cause obesity; to the contrary. That's one facet of modern health problems that it definitely does not cause.

The relationship between cancer and celiac disease is very interesting. The largest study I came across was conducted in Sweden using retrospective data from 12,000 celiac patients. They found that adult celiac patients have a higher overall risk of cancer, but that the extra risk disappears with age. The drop in cancer incidence may reflect dropping gluten following a celiac diagnosis. Here's another study showing that the elevated cancer risk occurs mostly in the first year after diagnosis, suggesting that eliminating gluten solves the problem. Interestingly, celiac patients have a greatly elevated risk of lymphoma, but a lower risk of breast cancer.

There's a very strong link between celiac and type I diabetes. In a large study, 1 in 8 type I diabetic children had celiac disease. This doesn't necessarily tell us much since celiac and type I diabetes are both autoimmune disorders.

One last study to add a nail to the coffin. Up to this point, all the studies I've mentioned have been purely observational, not able to establish a causal relationship. I came across a small study recently which examined the effect of a high-fiber diet on vitamin D metabolism in healthy (presumably non-celiac) adults. They broke the cohort up into two groups, and fed one group 20g of bran in addition to their normal diet. The other group got nothing extra. The bran-fed group had a vitamin D elimination half-life of 19.5 days, compared to 27.5 for the control group. In other words, for whatever reason, the group eating extra bran was burning through their vitamin D reserves 30% faster than the control group.

Unfortunately, the paper doesn't say what kind of bran it was, but it was probably wheat or oat (**Update- it's wheat bran**). This is important because it would determine if gluten was involved. Either way, it shows that something in grains can interfere with fat-soluble vitamin status, which is consistent with the staggering negative effect of refined wheat products on healthy non-industrialized cultures.

Add to this the possibility that many people may have some degree of gluten sensitivity, and you start to see a big problem. All together, the data are consistent with gluten grains interfering with fat-soluble vitamin status in a subset of people. As I discussed earlier, this could contribute to the diseases of civilization. These data don't prove anything conclusively, but I do find them thought-provoking.

Thanks to Dudua for the CC photo

Cincau Hijau - Kendalikan Tekanan Darah Tinggi

Pasti nikmat sekali minum es cincau di hari panas terik seperti sekarang ini. Rasa dahaga hilang, manfaat kesehatan pun diperoleh. Kandungan seratnya cincau cukup tinggi. Penelitian Prof. Dr. Sardjito dkk dari Yogyakarta berhasil membuktikan bahwa penyakit darah tinggi bisa dikendalikan dengan cincau.

Ada empat jenis cincau yang dikenal masyarakat, yaitu cincau hijau, cincau hitam , cincau minyak dan cincau perdu. Bentuk fisik keempat tanaman itu amat berbeda satu sama lain. Namun masyarakat Indonesia amat menggemari jenis cincau hijau. Ini karena daun cincau hijau bersifat tipis dan lemas sehingga lebih mudah diremas untuk dijadikan gelatine atau agar-agar. Aroma cincau ini pun tidak langu.

Tanaman dari Asia Tenggara ini punya nama latin Cyclea barbata dan termasuk dalam suku sirawan-sirawanan (Menispermaceae). Batang tanaman yang disebut orang Sunda tarawulu, trewulu, camcauh ini berdiameter sekitar 1 cm dan merambat ke arah kanan pada pohon inang dengan panjang 5 sampai 16 meter.

Bentuk daun tanaman ini berbentuk perisai dan berwarna hijau. Pangkal daun berlekuk, tengah melebar dan ujungnya meruncing dengan panjang antara 5 sampai 16 sentimeter. Tepi daun berombak dan permukaan bawah daun berbulu halus. Sedangkan permukaan atas daun berbulu jarang dan terasa kasar bila dipegang.

Tanaman cincau sering ditemukan tumbuh sebagai tanaman liar, tetapi ada juga yang sengaja dibudidayakan di pekarangan rumah. Tumbuhan ini berkembang subur di dataran rendah sampai daerah dengan ketinggian 800 meter di atas permukaan laut. Tanah yang gembur dengan kadar keasaman 5,5 sampai 6,5 dan lingkungan teduh, lembab dan berair tanah dangkal adalah tempat tumbuh yang subur bagi tanaman ini.

Cara pengembangbiakan tanaman rambat ini bisa dilakukan dengan cara generatif yaitu dengan biji, bisa pula dengan cara vegetatif yaitu dengan stek batang, perundukan, tunas akar. Kelemahan perkembangbiakan dengan biji adalah dibutuhkan waktu sekitar 3 bulan untuk memperoleh bibit. Kelemahan cara vegetatif adalah merusak batang, cabang, ranting atau akar tanaman. Kerusakan bagian-bagian itu bisa mempengaruhi produksi daun cincau.

Daun cincau yang dapat dipanen adalah daun yang tidak tua tapi tidak terlalu muda. Pemetikan tanaman itu harus melihat kondisi tanaman bersangkutan. Bila tanaman cincau itu rimbun dan subur, dedaunnya boleh dipanen banyak. Namun bila tanaman itu tampak kurus dan tidak sehat maka pemetikan itu hanya akan merusak tanaman itu sendiri.

Dua Kali Sehari

Daun cincau hijau telah diteliti mengandung karbohidrat, polifenol, saponin, flavonoida dan lemak. Kalsium, fosfor, vitamin A dan B juga ditemukan dalam daun cincau hijau. Kandungan-kandungan ini memungkinkan cincau hijau dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pembuat obat-obatan, di samping digunakan sebagai minuman penyegar. Penyakit radang lambung, demam dan tekanan darah tinggi bisa dicoba disembuhkan dengan gel cincau hijau.

Akar tanaman cincau hijau juga sering digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit demam dan sakit perut. Ini karena akar tersebut mengandung pati, lemak dan alkaloid cycleine yang rasanya pahit.

Pengambilan akar tanaman ini harus mempertimbangkan umur tanaman. Sebaiknya akar diambil dari tanaman yang sudah berumur lebih dari 5 tahun dan perakarannya sudah cukup luas. Ini ditujukan agar tanaman tidak mati karena diambil akarnya.

Penelitian khasiat cincau untuk mengobati penyakit tekanan darah tinggi pernah dilakukan di tahun 1966 oleh Prof. Dr. Sardjito, Dr. Rajiman dan Dr. Bambang Suwitho dari Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Pada penelitian itu pasien diberi daun cincau segar sebanyak 5 gram yang digerus dengan 150 cc air matang kemudian diperas. Air perasan itu diberikan kepada pasien untuk diminum dua kali sehari.

Uji coba itu dilakukan kepada pasien tekanan darah tinggi dengan usia di atas 40 tahun. Hasilnya pasien mengalami penurunan tekanan darah secara signifikan. Seorang pasien usia 70 tahun dan tekanan darahnya mencapai 215mm/120mm mengalami penurunan tekanan darah menjadi 160mm/100mm dalam satu bulan setelah mengkonsumsi cincau. Keluhan pusing, sering lelah dan jalan sempoyongan hilang dan berat badan turun.

Selain itu kandungan serat di dalam cincau juga tinggi. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Direktorat Gizi Departemen Kesehatan terhadap cincau mengungkapkan terdapat 6,23 gram per 100 gram kandungan serat kasar dalam gel cincau. Ini berarti bila cincau dikonsumsi bersama dengan buah dan sayur mayur sehari-hari bisa memadai untuk memenuhi kebutuhan serat harian sebesar 30 gram sehingga bisa membantu memerangi penyakit degeneratif seperti jantung koroner.

Sementara itu kalori yang terkandung di dalamnya adalah 122 kalori dan protein sebesar 6 gram. Karena kandungan seratnya yang tinggi dan kalorinya yang rendah, maka mantan peragawati kondang Okky Asokawati mengkonsumsi satu gelas cincau di malam hari. Manfaat seratnya yang tinggi ini sangat dirasakannya. Badan menjadi sehat dan urusan ke belakang setiap hari menjadi lancar.

Sumber : www.kompas.com