The one about CERN

About a month ago I visited CERN, arguably the most famous research organization in Europe. It is the place where the World Wide Web has been invented, and the home of the Large Hadron Collider. I was very excited about the trip, much like Sheldon Cooper. Here are some facts which were new to me:

... about CERN:

• CERN was founded after the WWII by a bunch of European countries. They were exhausted by the war, and the only way to catch up with the USA and USSR in fundamental science was to join forces.
• The original name was Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Council for Nuclear Research), which abbreviated to CERN. Later the name has been officially changed to European laboratory for particle physics, which is both more relevant and less fearful for the locals, however the brand CERN is used now even in official documents.
• There are almost 3,000 full-time employees, but most of them are engineers and not scientists. There are a lot of visiting researchers though.
• There are 20 member states now (primarily EU states), and 6 observer states (such as Russia and the USA).
• CERN's annual budget is about € 1 billion, it is funded by the member states in proportion to their economical power, e.g. Germany gives 20% of the money.
• The budget money are spent to infrastructure and support, all the individual experiments are funded by research groups and their universities.
• In spite of the USA is not a member state, it leads on the number of researchers who work on CERN projects (more than thousand), second is Germany, third is Russia (yes, we still have a good shape in particle physics). It turned out that everybody at CERN spoke Russian, even the janitor. :)

... about the LHC:

• It is in fact a circular tunnel of 27 km in circumference lying 175 m beneath the ground.
• The tunnel was used before the LHC, it was build in 1983 for the Large Electron-Positron Collider. In 2008 it was upgraded to be able to accelerate heavy particles like protons to become the Large Hadron Collider (remind that proton and neutron are thousand times heavier than electron).
• The tunnel is about 4 meters in diameter, one can walk there or ride a bike.
• The tunnel encapsulates two small pipes for the particles that intersect at four points (to make the tracks' lengths equal, like in speed scating arenas). There are more then a thousand of electric magnet dipoles along the pipe. They are not that big as I imagined before.
• It is nearly vacuum and zero temperature inside the tubes.
• Proton beams are not generated inside the LHC. First, they are accelerated in the linear accelerator and almost reach the speed of light c. While the speed is rising, it becomes harder and harder to increase it since it cannot overcome the speed of light. Then they are accelerated in the small circular accelerator, and only after that they are injected into the LHC where during 40 minutes the beams are accelerated to speed as much close to c as possible.
• When accelerated, the beams are being observed during 10 hours. They suffer about 10,000 collisions per second, about 20 pairs of protons collide each time. Since the speed is large, the energy of that collisions is enormous.
• The collisions take place within special locations called detectors. We visited a control centre of one of them, ATLAS. A detector has multiple layers, each able to register certain kind of particles, like photons.
• Ten thousand collision per second would yield really big amount of data, so only few of them are selected to be logged. I don't know how they select those collisions, machine learning might be used. :)
• All the collected data are spread into servers all over the world. An authorized researcher may log in to the grid network and execute her script to analyse the data.

... about Higgs boson:

• Higgs boson is a hypothetical particle, existence of which would prove the standard model of particle physics.
• Higgs boson appears as a result of collision of two protons and large amount of energy. The protons in the LHC are accelerated enough to produce theoretically sufficient energy.
• Higgs boson is very heavy and thus unstable. In theory, it decays into either four muons or two photons. So, if there will be two counter-directed light beams registered by the detector, this will be an evidence of the boson. See the picture below for example of likely detector output in case of the boson shows up.
• Scientist say that if Higgs boson would not be detected, all the modern knowledge on particle physics will crush. They will be obliged to develop a new theory from scratch.
• There are no published results that report on Higgs boson detection so far...

Don't you want to be a theoretical physicist now? =)

Oh noes, it's women CEOs!

Today at Scientopia I discuss the latest debate raging across the pond - hiring quotas to ensure there are more women CEOs of companies.

How NOT to train for the 2011 Soiled Sport Trail Series

Should the snow ever stops falling and temperatures decide to ever rise above freezing, the start of the Soiled Sport 2011 Trail Running Series will start on April 2nd at Meadowlilly Trail.

Our 2010 Trail Series winner, Chuck Edwards, will cut the ribbon at the trail head to start our 31 weeks of trail running bliss.

As always, you will be awarded points for each Saturday trail you attend and complete along with any Ontario Ultra Series race. Bonus points are also awarded when you run or volunteer for London Pacer sponsored events when identified on this blog.

New this year will be aditional bonus points for wearing our series sponsors gear. More details to follow.

So put down the chip dip and start training.

happy weekend.

i feel like this is a good thought to send us off into the weekend....it's easy to get caught up in wanting all the "stuff" and living "the life"...
i need to remind myself that i am ultimately a mom so wiping my children's nose for 100th time is my duty, as well as cleaning spit up off the new rug, hanging out in the doctor's office sick room for 2 hrs, and wearing mix match pj's is just a fact of my life.  even if, in my head, i have a totally different picture!  maybe that is why this blog is such a good outlet :)
*on a side note: since i have been housebound for the last week w/ sick kiddos, i thought i would do something for myself...i got out the real simple i received in the mail yesterday and tried these faces while applying my makeup.  it is suppose to make your makeup look better.  for me, it provided a much needed laugh!  happy weekend.

Polyphenols, Hormesis and Disease: Part II

In the last post, I explained that the body treats polyphenols as potentially harmful foreign chemicals, or "xenobiotics". How can we reconcile this with the growing evidence that at least a subset of polyphenols have health benefits?

Clues from Ionizing Radiation

One of the more curious things that has been reported in the scientific literature is that although high-dose ionizing radiation (such as X-rays) is clearly harmful, leading to cancer, premature aging and other problems, under some conditions low-dose ionizing radiation can actually decrease cancer risk and increase resistance to other stressors (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). It does so by triggering a protective cellular response, increasing cellular defenses out of proportion to the minor threat posed by the radiation itself. The ability of mild stressors to increase stress resistance is called "hormesis." Exercise is a common example. I've written about this phenomenon in the past (6).

The Case of Resveratrol

Resveratrol is perhaps the most widely known polyphenol, available in supplement stores nationwide. It's seen a lot of hype, being hailed as a "calorie restriction mimetic" and the reason for the "French paradox."* But there is quite a large body of evidence suggesting that resveratrol functions in the same manner as low-dose ionizing radiation and other bioactive polyphenols: by acting as a mild toxin that triggers a hormetic response (7). Just as in the case of radiation, high doses of resveratrol are harmful rather than helpful. This has obvious implications for the supplementation of resveratrol and other polyphenols. A recent review article on polyphenols stated that while dietary polyphenols may be protective, "high-dose fortified foods or dietary supplements are of unproven efficacy and possibly harmful" (8).

The Cellular Response to Oxidants

Although it may not be obvious, radiation and polyphenols activate a cellular response that is similar in many ways. Both activate the transcription factor Nrf2, which activates genes that are involved in detoxification of chemicals and antioxidant defense**(9, 10, 11, 12). This is thought to be due to the fact that polyphenols, just like radiation, may temporarily increase the level of oxidative stress inside cells. Here's a quote from the polyphenol review article quoted above (13):

We have found that [polyphenols] are potentially far more than 'just antioxidants', but that they are probably insignificant players as 'conventional' antioxidants. They appear, under most circumstances, to be just the opposite, i.e. prooxidants, that nevertheless appear to contribute strongly to protection from oxidative stress by inducing cellular endogenous enzymic protective mechanisms. They appear to be able to regulate not only antioxidant gene transcription but also numerous aspects of intracellular signaling cascades involved in the regulation of cell growth, inflammation and many other processes.

It's worth noting that this is essentially the opposite of what you'll hear on the evening news, that polyphenols are direct antioxidants. The scientific cutting edge has largely discarded that hypothesis, but the mainstream has not yet caught on.

Nrf2 is one of the main pathways by which polyphenols increase stress resistance and antioxidant defenses, including the key cellular antioxidant glutathione (14). Nrf2 activity is correlated with longevity across species (15). Inducing Nrf2 activity via polyphenols or by other means substantially reduces the risk of common lifestyle disorders in animal models, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer (16, 17, 18), although Nrf2 isn't necessarily the only mechanism. The human evidence is broadly consistent with the studies in animals, although not as well developed.

One of the most interesting effects of hormesis is that exposure to one stressor can increase resistance to other stressors. For example, long-term consumption of high-polyphenol chocolate increases sunburn resistance in humans, implying that it induces a hormetic response in skin (19). Polyphenol-rich foods such as green tea reduce sunburn and skin cancer development in animals (20, 21).

Chris Masterjohn first introduced me to Nrf2 and the idea that polyphenols act through hormesis. Chris studies the effects of green tea on health, which seem to be mediated by polyphenols.

A Second Mechanism

There is a place in the body where polyphenols are concentrated enough to be direct antioxidants: in the digestive tract after consuming polyphenol-rich foods. Digestion is a chemically harsh process that readily oxidizes ingested substances such as polyunsaturated fats (22). Oxidized fat is neither healthy when it's formed in the deep fryer, nor when it's formed in the digestive tract (23, 24). Eating polyphenol-rich foods effectively prevents these fats from being oxidized during digestion (25). One consequence of this appears to be better absorption and assimilation of the exceptionally fragile omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (26).

What does it all Mean?

I think that overall, the evidence suggests that polyphenol-rich foods are healthy in moderation, and eating them on a regular basis is generally a good idea. Certain other plant chemicals, such as suforaphane found in cruciferous vegetables, and allicin found in garlic, exhibit similar effects and may also act by hormesis (27). Some of the best-studied polyphenol-rich foods are tea (particularly green tea), blueberries, extra-virgin olive oil, red wine, citrus fruits, hibiscus tea, soy, dark chocolate, coffee, turmeric and other herbs and spices, and a number of traditional medicinal herbs. A good rule of thumb is to "eat the rainbow", choosing foods with a variety of colors.

Supplementing with polyphenols and other plant chemicals in amounts that would not be achievable by eating food is probably not a good idea.


* The "paradox" whereby the French eat a diet rich in saturated fat, yet have a low heart attack risk compared to other affluent Western nations.

** Genes containing an antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter region. ARE is also sometimes called the electrophile response element (EpRE).