Liposuction and Fat Regain

If body fat really is actively regulated by the body, rather than just being a passive result of voluntary food intake and exercise behaviors, then liposuction shouldn't be very effective at reducing total fat mass in the long run.  People should return to their body fat "setpoint" rather than remaining at a lower fat mass. 

Teri L. Hernandez and colleagues recently performed the first ever randomized liposuction study to answer this question (1).  Participants were randomly selected to either receive liposuction, or not.  They were all instructed not to make any lifestyle changes for the duration of the study, and body fatness was measured at 6 weeks, 6 months and one year by DXA. 

At 6 weeks, the liposuction group was significantly leaner than the control group.  At 6 months, the difference between the two groups had decreased.  At one year, it had decreased further and the difference between the groups was no longer statistically significant.  Furthermore, the liposuction group regained fat disproportionately in the abdominal area (belly), which is more dangerous than where it was before. The investigators stated:

We conclude that [body fat] is not only restored to baseline levels in nonobese women after small-volume liposuction, but is redistributed abdominally.

This is consistent with animal studies showing that when you surgically remove fat, total fat mass "catches up" to animals that had no fat removed (2).  Fat mass is too important to be left up to chance.  That's why the body regulates it, and that's why any satisfying resolution of obesity must address that regulatory mechanism.

Laura's five conference highlights

Prof Laura McAllister

 Last week, we held our annual Stakeholder Conference – designed to unite key stakeholders from across sectors over a day and a half to discuss, debate and identify practical ways to deliver our shared agenda. Here, our Chair - Prof Laura McAllister - blogs about her conference highlights:

1.      New advocates for sport

Talking to people that either are new to the sports sector or new to our conference was a definite highlight. If we are to deliver the Vision for Sport in Wales, we need to reach out to new sectors - like education and health - that can use the leverage of sport. I believe that we cannot afford not to spend on sport – it helps community cohesion, improves health, skills & confidence. We need more people championing sport – whether it’s across local authority departments, in business or different government organisations.

2.      Keynote from Peter Keen, UK Sport’s Director of Performance

Peter reiterated a key theme of the conference: calculated risk-taking. He said, “The fear of failure needs to be your constant companion in the pursuit of excellence.” I think that this is relevant whatever sector you work in. The sports sector needs to be more edgy. It needs to be more comfortable with trying new ways of working and taking those calculated risks.

Only by trying new ways of working and applying the lessons can we begin to reach our aspirations. It was also useful that he was able to gain an increased understanding of what we’re doing in Wales and where we want to be (the no.1 nation on the basis of medals per capita at the Commonwealth Games!)

3.      Address from Huw Lewis, Minister responsible for Sport

We’re entering a hugely exciting time for Welsh sport. Not only do have two home Games on home soil - London 2012 and Glasgow 2014 – but we also have a Welsh Government whose programme links with our shared Vision. . This provides us with an unrivalled opportunity to drive sport forward. The Minister was clear that the focus is very much on outcomes and delivery and this will be their challenge to us. I was particularly pleased that the Minister stated that physical development is as important as reading and writing, which is going to be something that we will need to push with our colleagues in education.

4.      Natalie Davies, Young Ambassador & Panel Member

All of our speakers and panelists were first-class, but I must reserve special mention for Natalie Davies. In my opinion, she was the best panelist of the day. At 17, she is one of many Young Ambassadors across Wales that are encouraging their peers to take part in sport. And they’re doing a brilliant job! I have been so impressed by our Young Ambassadors and Natalie showed us how important it is to actively listen to young people. Her enthusiasm was boundless and she spoke from the heart. See for yourself in this film clip!

5.      Synergies

We were delighted to welcome Chief Medical Officer Dr Tony Jewell and Children’s Commissioner for Wales Keith Towler onto our panel. There are so many synergies in our work. We have a shared agenda and we need to make the most of that. I want the sports sector to focus on creating new alliances with different sectors because I honestly believe we all want the same thing.

And as Keith Towler said, “If Wales can’t collaborate – who can?”

A strong theme of the conference was that sport needs to be more entrepreneurial. It needs to try different things. Chris Brindley talked about the importance of customer service if we’re to get every child in Wales hooked on sport for life. We need to think about we can reach new potential customers, what’s getting in the way of them consuming the product (sport!). How do we communicate? Are we maximising social media to reach our audiences? Do we have the data and information we need to judge our performance?

On a final note, I would like to thank everyone who attended and to those who contributed via our Twitter debate. If you’re not already on board the Twitter juggernaut, get involved! It’s a great way to raise the profile of the sector and to debate the important issues. You can follow @sport_wales to keep up to date and you’ll find me @LauraMcAllister.

Creemore Vertical Challenge 2011

Photo's courtesy of Judy Wilson

The race you love to hate, Creemore Vertical Challenge.

After about 4 km of rolling roads and trails that has you sweating profusely, you come to a sign that says "Hill #1" Ha ha ha, very funny, until you notice that it is a two km gravel road that stops short of flight paths of airplanes.

As you trudge along cursing the race director, you come to other amusing signs,

"Hill #2, O2 hill"but should have said lack of oxygen hill.

The humidity started to kick in about this point so every breath seemed short of needed oxygen.

On the plus side, there was some beautiful homes and farms along the way that made you think that somebody out there has some money.

The views from the vistas, when you finally got to the top of the hills were spectacular, but soon reminded you that you will have to come down from these lofty places to only climb to another.

Temperatures were in the +30's with a humidex closer to +40, and it did take a toll on runners.

Smart ones pulled the pin and called it quites while others were whisked away for medical attention by ambulance.

By focusing on my heart rate monitor I managed to keep myself on a steady pace to ensure I would be able to sit in the Mad River at the finish line sipping my Creemore Pilsner as my finish line award.

Bill Wheeler pulled out a fantastic race winning age group and 4th overall. And I was not to far behind, if you use a calendar rather than a stop watch.

Next OUS race is Limberlost in Huntsville, will have to see if they have a beer sponsor before I sign up.

Sejarah Infrared

Karena sumber utama dari radiasi inframerah yang dipancarkan oleh panas dan radiasi termal, semua benda dan semua yang memiliki suhu, memiliki suhu tertentu memancarkan tingkat yang dapat dideteksi oleh teknologi deteksi panjang gelombang inframerah . Bahkan sangat dingin suhu, seperti es kering, radiasi di inframerah. Sebuah contoh yang baik dari radiasi termal akan menjadi hot plate. Meskipun hot plate tidak memancarkan cahaya, masih memancarkan radiasi infra merah dalam bentuk panas. Umumnya, semakin panas suatu benda, semakin inframerah memancarkan sebagai panas. Jadi di mana kita melihat inframerah?

Planet Bumi

Sepotong kecil dari sejarah. Ketika para ilmuwan dan filsuf percaya bahwa dunia ini datar, tidak ada yang memiliki kesempatan untuk menanyai mereka. Anda melihat di cakrawala, dan itu hanya tampak seperti dunia telah kelebihan dan Anda jatuh tepat di Bumi. Selama usia Tentara Salib, mereka membuat misi mereka untuk membuktikan teori-teori ini salah dan untuk menemukan tanah baru.

Pada tahun 1966, Neil Armstrong di bulan. Dia berbalik untuk melihat bagaimana dunia kita ini bulat. Dia mencatat bahwa tidak semua orang memiliki bangunan yang keluar seperti peta topografi. Bumi muncul sebagai sebuah bola biru, dengan bercak awan putih dan bumi hijau. Kemudian pada tahun 1986, ilmuwan menggunakan gambar bumi yang diambil oleh satelit, dan mengubah citra menggunakan teknologi inframerah. Dia menggunakan sistem 256 warna untuk memberikan Bumi tampilan yang lebih dramatis.

Hasil gambar sangat mengagumkan. Tidak hanya gambar tampilan lebih rinci dari sebelumnya, memiliki ilmu untuk lebih mempelajari hubungan berbagai pola angin dan struktur awan dekat air atau daratan di dekatnya. Awan bisa dilihat sebagai fotografi putih, tetapi dengan teknologi inframerah, kedalaman dan gerakan awan menjadi tersedia. Badai dan tornado lebih baik diprediksi dengan menggunakan pencitraan inframerah untuk menentukan tekanan atas dan bawah. Kondisi cuaca telah menjadi lebih mudah diakses ahli meteorologi, dan bagian terbaik dari semua ini, kita dapat mengambil foto besar benda sehari-hari menggunakan kamera inframerah.

Manusia

Manusia memiliki suhu tubuh yang tetap konstan untuk beberapa, kecuali seseorang mengalami demam atau pilek. Umumnya, kita memancarkan panjang gelombang yang kuat pada suhu tubuh normal. Sebuah kamera infra merah dapat menunjukkan tanda tangan dari panas yang dipancarkan dari berbagai bagian tubuh kita. Apa yang membuat ini mungkin adalah sebuah sensor inframerah di dalam perangkat. Namun, kebanyakan kamera memiliki filter infra merah yang mencegah deteksi gelombang. Tanpa filter ini, banyak kamera tidak akan mampu mengambil gambar tanpa mendeteksi tanda tangan termal yang berbeda dari setiap objek. Anda juga dapat menyesuaikan penggunaan warna palsu, yang merupakan fitur luar biasa yang memungkinkan Anda untuk melihat gambar dalam suatu cara yang unik. Jadi, bukannya melihat dengan jelas "terlihat" energi gambar cahaya dengan warna biasa, seperti rumput hijau dan langit biru, yang akan ditampilkan adalah gambar dengan gelap dan lampu merah, kuning, biru di tanah, oranye dan hitam, untuk beberapa nama.

Food Reward: a Dominant Factor in Obesity, Part VIII

Further reading

I didn't come up with the idea that excessive food reward increases calorie intake and can lead to obesity, far from it.  The idea has been floating around the scientific literature for decades.  In 1976, after conducting an interesting diet study in humans, Dr. Michel Cabanac stated that the "palatability of the diet influences the set point of the ponderostat [system that regulates body fatness]" (1).  

Currently there is a growing consensus that food reward/palatability is a major contributor to obesity. This is reflected by the proliferation of review articles appearing in high-profile journals.  For the scientists in the audience who want more detail than I provide on my blog, here are some of the reviews I've read and enjoyed.  These were written by some of the leading scientists in the study of food reward and hedonics:

Palatability of food and the ponderostat.  Michel Cabanac, 1989.
Food reward, hyperphagia and obesity.  Hans-Rudolf Berthoud et al., 2011.
Reward mechanisms in obesity: new insights and future directions.  Paul J. Kenny, 2011.
Relation of obesity to consummatory and anticipatory food reward.  Eric Stice, 2009.
Hedonic and incentive signals for body weight control.  Emil Egecioglu et al., 2011.
Homeostatic and hedonic signals interact in the control of food intake.  Michael Lutter and Eric J. Nestler, 2009.
Opioids as agents of reward-related feeding: a consideration of the evidence.  Allen S. Levine and Charles J. Billington, 2004.
Central opioids and consumption of sweet tastants: when reward outweighs homeostasis.  Pawel K. Olszewski and Allen S. Levine, 2007.
Oral and postoral determinants of food reward.  Anthony Sclafani, 2004.
Reduced dopaminergic tone in hypothalamic neural circuits: expression of a "thrifty" genotype underlying the metabolic syndrome?  Hanno Pijl, 2003.

If you can read all these papers and still not believe in the food reward hypothesis... you deserve some kind of award.