0
komentar
hummmm.....life is a little hectic right now....but i still love y'all....promise.Minggu, 29 November 2009
Sabtu, 28 November 2009
Malocclusion: Disease of Civilization, Part VIII
Three Case Studies in Occlusion
In this post, I'll review three cultures with different degrees of malocclusion over time, and try to explain how the factors I've discussed may have played a role.
The Xavante of Simoes Lopes
In 1966, Dr. Jerry D. Niswander published a paper titled "The Oral Status of the Xavantes of Simoes Lopes", describing the dental health and occlusion of 166 Brazilian hunter-gatherers from the Xavante tribe (free full text). This tribe was living predominantly according to tradition, although they had begun trading with the post at Simoes Lopes for some foods. They made little effort to clean their teeth. They were mostly but not entirely free of dental cavities:
The Masai are traditionally a pastoral people who live almost exclusively from their cattle. In 1945, and again in 1952, Dr. J. Schwartz examined the teeth of 408 and 273 Masai, respectively (#1 free full text; #2 ref). In the first study, he found that 8 percent of Masai showed some form of malocclusion, while in the second study, only 0.4 percent of Masai were maloccluded. Although we don't know what his precise criteria were for diagnosing malocclusion, these are still very low numbers.
In both studies, 4 percent of Masai had cavities. Between the two studies, Schwartz found 67 cavities in 21,792 teeth, or 0.3 percent of teeth affected. This is almost exactly what Dr. Weston Price found when he visited them in 1935. From Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, page 138:
Sadly, the lifestyle and occlusion of the Masai has changed in the intervening decades. A paper from 1992 described their modern diet:
Rural Caucasians in Kentucky
It's always difficult to find examples of Caucasian populations living traditional lifestyles, because most Caucasian populations adopted the industrial lifestyle long ago. That's why I was grateful to find a study by Dr. Robert S. Corruccini, published in 1981, titled "Occlusal Variation in a Rural Kentucky Community" (ref).
This study examined a group of isolated Caucasians living in the Mammoth Cave region of Kentucky, USA. Corruccini arrived during a time of transition between traditional and modern foodways. He describes the traditional lifestyle as follows:
The older generation of this population has the best occlusion of any Caucasian population I've ever seen, rivaling some hunter-gatherer groups. This shows that Caucasians are not genetically doomed to malocclusion. The younger generation, living on more modern foods, shows very poor occlusion, among the worst I've seen. They also show narrowed arches, a characteristic feature of deteriorating occlusion. One generation is all it takes. Corruccini found that a higher malocclusion score was associated with softer, more industrial foods.
Here are the reasons I believe this group of Caucasians in Kentucky had good occlusion:
I hope you can see that populations with excellent teeth do certain things in common, and that straying from those principles puts the next generation at a high risk of malocclusion. Malocclusion is a serious problem that has major implications for health, well-being and finances. In the next post, I'll give a simplified summary of everything I've covered in this series. Then it's back to our regularly scheduled programming.
In this post, I'll review three cultures with different degrees of malocclusion over time, and try to explain how the factors I've discussed may have played a role.
The Xavante of Simoes Lopes
In 1966, Dr. Jerry D. Niswander published a paper titled "The Oral Status of the Xavantes of Simoes Lopes", describing the dental health and occlusion of 166 Brazilian hunter-gatherers from the Xavante tribe (free full text). This tribe was living predominantly according to tradition, although they had begun trading with the post at Simoes Lopes for some foods. They made little effort to clean their teeth. They were mostly but not entirely free of dental cavities:
Approximately 33% of the Xavantes at Simoes Lopes were caries free. Neel et al. (1964) noted almost complete absence of dental caries in the Xavante village at Sao Domingos. The difference in the two villages may at least in part be accounted for by the fact that, for some five years, the Simoes Lopes Xavante have had access to sugar cane, whereas none was grown at Sao Domingos. It would appear that, although these Xavantes still enjoy relative freedom from dental caries, this advantage is disappearing after only six years of permanent contact with a post of the Indian Protective Service.The most striking thing about these data is the occlusion of the Xavante. 95 percent had ideal occlusion. The remaining 5 percent had nothing more than a mild crowding of the incisors (front teeth). Niswander didn't observe a single case of underbite or overbite. This would have been truly exceptional in an industrial population. Niswander continues:
Characteristically, the Xavante adults exhibited broad dental arches, almost perfectly aligned teeth, end-to-end bite, and extensive dental attrition. At 18-20 years of age, the teeth were so worn as to almost totally obliterate the cusp patterns, leaving flat chewing surfaces.The Xavante were clearly hard on their teeth, and their predominantly hunter-gatherer lifestyle demanded it. They practiced a bit of "rudimentary agriculture" of corn, beans and squash, which would sustain them for a short period of the year devoted to ceremonies. Dr. James V. Neel describes their diet (free full text):
Despite a rudimentary agriculture, the Xavante depend very heavily on the wild products which they gather. They eat numerous varieties of roots in large quantities, which provide a nourishing, if starchy, diet. These roots are available all year but are particularly important in the Xavante diet from April to June in the first half of the dry season when there are no more fruits. The maize harvest does not last long and is usually saved for a period of ceremonies. Until the second harvest of beans and pumpkins, the Xavante subsist largely on roots and palmito (Chamacrops sp.), their year-round staples.The Xavante are an example of humans living an ancestral lifestyle, and their occlusion shows it. They have the best occlusion of any living population I've encountered so far. Here's why I think that's the case:
From late August until mid-February, there are also plenty of nuts and fruits available. The earliest and most important in their diet is the carob or ceretona (Ceretona sp.), sometimes known as St. John's bread. Later come the fruits of the buriti palm (Mauritia sp.) and the piqui (Caryocar sp.). These are the basis of the food supply throughout the rainy season. Other fruits, such as mangoes, genipapo (Genipa americana), and a number of still unidentified varieties are also available.
The casual observer could easily be misled into thinking that the Xavante "live on meat." Certainly they talk a great deal about meat, which is the most highly esteemed food among them, in some respects the only commodity which they really consider "food" at all... They do not eat meat every day and may go without meat for several days at a stretch, but the gathered products of the region are always available for consumption in the community.
Recently, the Xavante have begun to eat large quantities of fish.
- A nutrient-rich, whole foods diet, presumably including organs.
- On-demand breast feeding for two or more years.
- No bottle-feeding or modern pacifiers.
- Tough foods on a regular basis.
Severe abrasion was not apparent among the Bakairi, and the dental arches did not appear as broad and massive as in the Xavantes. Dental caries and malocclusion were strikingly more prevalent; and, although not recorded systematically, the Bakairi also showed considerably more periodontal disease. If it can be assumed that the Bakairi once enjoyed a freedom from dental disease and malocclusion equal to that now exhibited by the Xavantes, the available data suggest that the changes in occlusal patterns as well as caries and periodontal disease have been too rapid to be accounted for by an hypothesis involving relaxed [genetic] selection.The Masai of Kenya
The Masai are traditionally a pastoral people who live almost exclusively from their cattle. In 1945, and again in 1952, Dr. J. Schwartz examined the teeth of 408 and 273 Masai, respectively (#1 free full text; #2 ref). In the first study, he found that 8 percent of Masai showed some form of malocclusion, while in the second study, only 0.4 percent of Masai were maloccluded. Although we don't know what his precise criteria were for diagnosing malocclusion, these are still very low numbers.
In both studies, 4 percent of Masai had cavities. Between the two studies, Schwartz found 67 cavities in 21,792 teeth, or 0.3 percent of teeth affected. This is almost exactly what Dr. Weston Price found when he visited them in 1935. From Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, page 138:
In the Masai tribe, a study of 2,516 teeth in eighty-eight individuals distributed through several widely separated manyatas showed only four individuals with caries. These had a total of ten carious teeth, or only 0.4 per cent of the teeth attacked by tooth decay.Dr. Schwartz describes their diet:
The principal food of the Masai is milk, meat and blood, the latter obtained by bleeding their cattle... The Masai have ample means with which to get maize meal and fresh vegetables but these foodstuffs are known only to those who work in town. It is impossible to induce a Masai to plant their own maize or vegetables near their huts.This is essentially the same description Price gave during his visit. The Masai were not hunter-gatherers, but their traditional lifestyle was close enough to allow good occlusion. Here's why I think the Masai had good occlusion:
- A nutrient-dense diet rich in protein and fat-soluble vitamins from pastured dairy.
- On-demand breast feeding for two or more years.
- No bottle feeding or modern pacifiers.
Sadly, the lifestyle and occlusion of the Masai has changed in the intervening decades. A paper from 1992 described their modern diet:
The main articles of diet were white maize, [presumably heavily sweetened] tea, milk, [white] rice, and beans. Traditional items were rarely eaten... Milk... was not mentioned by 30% of mothers.A paper from 1993 described the occlusion of 235 young Masai attending rural and peri-urban schools. Nearly all showed some degree of malocclusion, with open bite alone affecting 18 percent.
Rural Caucasians in Kentucky
It's always difficult to find examples of Caucasian populations living traditional lifestyles, because most Caucasian populations adopted the industrial lifestyle long ago. That's why I was grateful to find a study by Dr. Robert S. Corruccini, published in 1981, titled "Occlusal Variation in a Rural Kentucky Community" (ref).
This study examined a group of isolated Caucasians living in the Mammoth Cave region of Kentucky, USA. Corruccini arrived during a time of transition between traditional and modern foodways. He describes the traditional lifestyle as follows:
Much of the traditional way of life of these people (all white) has been maintained, but two major changes have been the movement of industry and mechanized farming into the area in the last 25 years. Traditionally, tobacco (the only cash crop), gardens, and orchards were grown by each family. Apples, pears, cherries, plums, peaches, potatoes, corn, green beans, peas, squash, peppers, cucumbers, and onions were grown for consumption, and fruits and nuts, grapes, and teas were gathered by individuals. In the diet of these people, dried pork and fried [presumably in lard], thick-crust cornbread (which were important winter staples) provided consistently stressful chewing. Hunting is still very common in the area.Although it isn't mentioned in the paper, this group, like nearly all traditionally-living populations, probably did not waste the organs or bones of the animals it ate. Altogether, it appears to be an excellent and varied diet, based on whole foods, and containing all the elements necessary for good occlusion and overall health.
The older generation of this population has the best occlusion of any Caucasian population I've ever seen, rivaling some hunter-gatherer groups. This shows that Caucasians are not genetically doomed to malocclusion. The younger generation, living on more modern foods, shows very poor occlusion, among the worst I've seen. They also show narrowed arches, a characteristic feature of deteriorating occlusion. One generation is all it takes. Corruccini found that a higher malocclusion score was associated with softer, more industrial foods.
Here are the reasons I believe this group of Caucasians in Kentucky had good occlusion:
- A nutrient-rich, whole foods diet, presumably including organs.
- Prolonged breast feeding.
- No bottle-feeding or modern pacifiers.
- Tough foods on a regular basis.
I hope you can see that populations with excellent teeth do certain things in common, and that straying from those principles puts the next generation at a high risk of malocclusion. Malocclusion is a serious problem that has major implications for health, well-being and finances. In the next post, I'll give a simplified summary of everything I've covered in this series. Then it's back to our regularly scheduled programming.
Selasa, 24 November 2009
9 Makanan Merah Penghalau Penyakit
Senin, 23 November 2009 | 08:48 WIB
KOMPAS.com - Pernahkah mendengar nasihat tentang memakan sebuah apel setiap hari untuk menghindarkan diri dari penyakit? Nah, manfaat yang sama juga berlaku bila Anda rajin mengonsumsi sayuran dan buah berwarna merah seperti stroberi, ceri, raspberri, semangka, tomat atau jenis lainnya.
Menurut para ahli nutrisi, hampir semua buah dan sayur berwarna merah mengandung zat-zat penting bagi tubuh, mulai dari vitamin hingga antioksidan menyehatkan seperti lycopene dan anthocyanins. Dua antikosidan ini mampu melindungi tubuh dari risiko penyakit degeneratif seperti sakit jantung, kanker prostat, stroke dan lainnya.
Nah, supaya tetap sehat mulailah mengonsumsi buah dan sayuran sehat ini secara teratur. Berikut adalah buah atau sayuran merah yang patut Anda masukkan dalam daftar diet :
1. Stroberi : salah satu sumber terbaik vitamin C. Buah ini juga kaya akan folat yang memelihara kesehatan jantung serta membantu wanita di masa-masa melahirkan.
2. Ceri : Buah ini kaya akan serat yang terdapat pada kulitnya. Ceri juga mengandung vitamin C serta potassium yang mampu memelihara tensi darah dalam kondisi normal.
3. Cranberri : Dalam beberapa riset, buah ini mampu membunuh sel-sel kanker. Buah berwarna merah marun ini juga mampu mencegah bakteri menempel pada dinding saluran kencing serta bahkan mencegah bakteri H pylori menempel pada dinding lambung dan menyebabkan bisul. Nutrisi yang mampu mencegah mekanismen penempelan itu disebut proanthocyanidins.
4. Tomat : Buah ini mengandung vitamin C dan potassium. Tomat juga sumber terbaik lycopene yang diindikasikan mampu mencegah kanker prostat. Ada pula penelitian yang menghubungkan lycopene dengan pencegahan kanker payudara.
5. Raspberri : Buah ini memiliki kadar serat yang tinggi yang mampu menurunkan kolesterol buruk (LDL).
6. Semangka : Banyak mengandung air, buah ini sumber penting lycopene.
7. Pink Grapefruit : Bila Anda membeli buah ini, pilihlah yang berwarna pink karena kadar antioksidannya lebih tinggi. Buah ini juga sumber terbaik pectin yang mampu menurunkan kolesterol.
8. Red Pepper : Sayuran ini adalah sumber vitamin A yang fenomenal. Manfaatnya akan terasa bagi perawatan kulit, tulang dan gigi. Banyak yang tidak tahu bahwa sayur ini juga mengandung vitamin C sebanyak jeruk.
9. Bit : Sayuran yang berasal dari umbi ini memiliki banyak kandungan berharga seperti folat, lycopene dan anthocyanins.
Editor: acandra
Sumber : WebMD
Malocclusion: Disease of Civilization, Part VII
Jaw Development During Adolescence
Beginning at about age 11, the skull undergoes a growth spurt. This corresponds roughly with the growth spurt in the rest of the body, with the precise timing depending on gender and other factors. Growth continues until about age 17, when the last skull sutures cease growing and slowly fuse. One of these sutures runs along the center of the maxillary arch (the arch in the upper jaw), and contributes to the widening of the upper arch*:
This growth process involves MGP and osteocalcin, both vitamin K-dependent proteins. At the end of adolescence, the jaws have reached their final size and shape, and should be large enough to accommodate all teeth without crowding. This includes the third molars, or wisdom teeth, which will erupt shortly after this period.
Reduced Food Toughness Correlates with Malocclusion in Humans
When Dr. Robert Corruccini published his seminal paper in 1984 documenting rapid changes in occlusion in cultures around the world adopting modern foodways and lifestyles (see this post), he presented the theory that occlusion is influenced by chewing stress. In other words, the jaws require good exercise on a regular basis during growth to develop normal-sized bones and muscles. Although Dr. Corruccini wasn't the first to come up with the idea, he has probably done more than anyone else to advance it over the years.
Dr. Corruccini's paper is based on years of research in transitioning cultures, much of which he conducted personally. In 1981, he published a study of a rural Kentucky community in the process of adopting the modern diet and lifestyle. Their traditional diet was predominantly dried pork, cornbread fried in lard, game meat and home-grown fruit, vegetables and nuts. The older generation, raised on traditional foods, had much better occlusion than the younger generation, which had transitioned to softer and less nutritious modern foods. Dr. Corruccini found that food toughness correlated with proper occlusion in this population.
In another study published in 1985, Dr. Corruccini studied rural and urban Bengali youths. After collecting a variety of diet and socioeconomic information, he found that food toughness was the single best predictor of occlusion. Individuals who ate the toughest food had the best teeth. The second strongest association was a history of thumb sucking, which was associated with a higher prevalence of malocclusion**. Interestingly, twice as many urban youths had a history of thumb sucking as rural youths.
Not only do hunter-gatherers eat tough foods on a regular basis, they also often use their jaws as tools. For example, the anthropologist and arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson described how the Inuit chewed their leather boots and jackets nearly every day to soften them or prepare them for sewing. This is reflected in the extreme tooth wear of traditional Inuit and other hunter-gatherers.
Soft Food Causes Malocclusion in Animals
Now we have a bunch of associations that may or may not represent a cause-effect relationship. However, Dr. Corruccini and others have shown in a variety of animal models that soft food can produce malocclusion, independent of nutrition.
The first study was conducted in 1951. Investigators fed rats typical dry chow pellets, or the same pellets that had been crushed and softened in water. Rats fed the softened food during growth developed narrow arches and small mandibles (lower jaws) relative to rats fed dry pellets.
Other research groups have since repeated the findings in rodents, pigs and several species of primates (squirrel monkeys, baboons, and macaques). Animals typically developed narrow arches, a central aspect of malocclusion in modern humans. Some of the primates fed soft foods showed other malocclusions highly reminiscent of modern humans as well, such as crowded incisors and impacted third molars. These traits are exceptionally rare in wild primates.
One criticism of these studies is that they used extremely soft foods that are softer than the typical modern diet. This is how science works: you go for the extreme effects first. Then, if you see something, you refine your experiments. One of the most refined experiments I've seen so far was published by Dr. Daniel E. Leiberman of Harvard's anthropology department. They used the rock hyrax, an animal with a skull that bears some similarities to the human skull***.
Instead of feeding the animals hard food vs. mush, they fed them raw and dried food vs. cooked. This is closer to the situation in humans, where food is soft but still has some consistency. Hyrax fed cooked food showed a mild jaw underdevelopment reminiscent of modern humans. The underdeveloped areas were precisely those that received less strain during chewing.
Implications and Practical Considerations
Besides the direct implications for the developing jaws and face, I think this also suggests that physical stress may influence the development of other parts of the skeleton. Hunter-gatherers generally have thicker bones, larger joints, and more consistently well-developed shoulders and hips than modern humans. Physical stress is part of the human evolutionary template, and is probably critical for the normal development of the skeleton.
I think it's likely that food consistency influences occlusion in humans. In my opinion, it's a good idea to regularly include tough foods in a child's diet as soon as she is able to chew them properly and safely. This probably means waiting at least until the deciduous (baby) molars have erupted fully. Jerky, raw vegetables and fruit, tough cuts of meat, nuts, dry sausages, dried fruit, chicken bones and roasted corn are a few things that should stress the muscles and bones of the jaws and face enough to encourage normal development.
* These data represent many years of measurements collected by Dr. Arne Bjork, who used metallic implants in the maxilla to make precise measurements of arch growth over time in Danish youths. The graph is reproduced from the book A Synopsis of Craniofacial Growth, by Dr. Don M. Ranly. Data come from Dr. Bjork's findings published in the book Postnatal Growth and Development of the Maxillary Complex. You can see some of Dr. Bjork's data in the paper "Sutural Growth of the Upper Face Studied by the Implant Method" (free full text).
** I don't know if this was statistically significant at p less than 0.05. Dr. Corruccini uses a cutoff point of p less than 0.01 throughout the paper. He's a tough guy when it comes to statistics!
*** Retrognathic.
Beginning at about age 11, the skull undergoes a growth spurt. This corresponds roughly with the growth spurt in the rest of the body, with the precise timing depending on gender and other factors. Growth continues until about age 17, when the last skull sutures cease growing and slowly fuse. One of these sutures runs along the center of the maxillary arch (the arch in the upper jaw), and contributes to the widening of the upper arch*:
This growth process involves MGP and osteocalcin, both vitamin K-dependent proteins. At the end of adolescence, the jaws have reached their final size and shape, and should be large enough to accommodate all teeth without crowding. This includes the third molars, or wisdom teeth, which will erupt shortly after this period.Reduced Food Toughness Correlates with Malocclusion in Humans
When Dr. Robert Corruccini published his seminal paper in 1984 documenting rapid changes in occlusion in cultures around the world adopting modern foodways and lifestyles (see this post), he presented the theory that occlusion is influenced by chewing stress. In other words, the jaws require good exercise on a regular basis during growth to develop normal-sized bones and muscles. Although Dr. Corruccini wasn't the first to come up with the idea, he has probably done more than anyone else to advance it over the years.
Dr. Corruccini's paper is based on years of research in transitioning cultures, much of which he conducted personally. In 1981, he published a study of a rural Kentucky community in the process of adopting the modern diet and lifestyle. Their traditional diet was predominantly dried pork, cornbread fried in lard, game meat and home-grown fruit, vegetables and nuts. The older generation, raised on traditional foods, had much better occlusion than the younger generation, which had transitioned to softer and less nutritious modern foods. Dr. Corruccini found that food toughness correlated with proper occlusion in this population.
In another study published in 1985, Dr. Corruccini studied rural and urban Bengali youths. After collecting a variety of diet and socioeconomic information, he found that food toughness was the single best predictor of occlusion. Individuals who ate the toughest food had the best teeth. The second strongest association was a history of thumb sucking, which was associated with a higher prevalence of malocclusion**. Interestingly, twice as many urban youths had a history of thumb sucking as rural youths.
Not only do hunter-gatherers eat tough foods on a regular basis, they also often use their jaws as tools. For example, the anthropologist and arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson described how the Inuit chewed their leather boots and jackets nearly every day to soften them or prepare them for sewing. This is reflected in the extreme tooth wear of traditional Inuit and other hunter-gatherers.
Soft Food Causes Malocclusion in Animals
Now we have a bunch of associations that may or may not represent a cause-effect relationship. However, Dr. Corruccini and others have shown in a variety of animal models that soft food can produce malocclusion, independent of nutrition.
The first study was conducted in 1951. Investigators fed rats typical dry chow pellets, or the same pellets that had been crushed and softened in water. Rats fed the softened food during growth developed narrow arches and small mandibles (lower jaws) relative to rats fed dry pellets.
Other research groups have since repeated the findings in rodents, pigs and several species of primates (squirrel monkeys, baboons, and macaques). Animals typically developed narrow arches, a central aspect of malocclusion in modern humans. Some of the primates fed soft foods showed other malocclusions highly reminiscent of modern humans as well, such as crowded incisors and impacted third molars. These traits are exceptionally rare in wild primates.
One criticism of these studies is that they used extremely soft foods that are softer than the typical modern diet. This is how science works: you go for the extreme effects first. Then, if you see something, you refine your experiments. One of the most refined experiments I've seen so far was published by Dr. Daniel E. Leiberman of Harvard's anthropology department. They used the rock hyrax, an animal with a skull that bears some similarities to the human skull***.
Instead of feeding the animals hard food vs. mush, they fed them raw and dried food vs. cooked. This is closer to the situation in humans, where food is soft but still has some consistency. Hyrax fed cooked food showed a mild jaw underdevelopment reminiscent of modern humans. The underdeveloped areas were precisely those that received less strain during chewing.
Implications and Practical Considerations
Besides the direct implications for the developing jaws and face, I think this also suggests that physical stress may influence the development of other parts of the skeleton. Hunter-gatherers generally have thicker bones, larger joints, and more consistently well-developed shoulders and hips than modern humans. Physical stress is part of the human evolutionary template, and is probably critical for the normal development of the skeleton.
I think it's likely that food consistency influences occlusion in humans. In my opinion, it's a good idea to regularly include tough foods in a child's diet as soon as she is able to chew them properly and safely. This probably means waiting at least until the deciduous (baby) molars have erupted fully. Jerky, raw vegetables and fruit, tough cuts of meat, nuts, dry sausages, dried fruit, chicken bones and roasted corn are a few things that should stress the muscles and bones of the jaws and face enough to encourage normal development.
* These data represent many years of measurements collected by Dr. Arne Bjork, who used metallic implants in the maxilla to make precise measurements of arch growth over time in Danish youths. The graph is reproduced from the book A Synopsis of Craniofacial Growth, by Dr. Don M. Ranly. Data come from Dr. Bjork's findings published in the book Postnatal Growth and Development of the Maxillary Complex. You can see some of Dr. Bjork's data in the paper "Sutural Growth of the Upper Face Studied by the Implant Method" (free full text).
** I don't know if this was statistically significant at p less than 0.05. Dr. Corruccini uses a cutoff point of p less than 0.01 throughout the paper. He's a tough guy when it comes to statistics!
*** Retrognathic.
Minggu, 22 November 2009
Sejarah Bahasa Pemograman C
Tahun 1978, Brian W. Kerninghan & Dennis M. Ritchie dari AT & T Laboratories mengembangkan bahasa B menjadi bahasa C. Bahasa B yang diciptakan oleh Ken Thompson sebenarnya merupakan pengembangan dari bahasa BCPL ( Basic Combined Programming Language ) yang diciptakan oleh Martin Richard.Sejak tahun 1980, bahasa C banyak digunakan pemrogram di Eropa yang sebelumnya menggunakan bahasa B dan BCPL. Dalam perkembangannya, bahasa C menjadi bahasa paling populer diantara bahasa lainnya, seperti PASCAL, BASIC, FORTRAN.
Tahun 1989, dunia pemrograman C mengalami peristiwa penting dengan dikeluarkannya standar bahasa C oleh American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Bahasa C yang diciptakan Kerninghan & Ritchie kemudian dikenal dengan nama ANSI C.
Mulai awal tahun 1980, Bjarne Stroustrup dari AT & T Bell Laboratories mulai
mengembangkan bahasa C. Pada tahun 1985, lahirlah secara resmi bahasa baru hasil pengembangan C yang dikenal dengan nama C++. Sebenarnya bahasa C++ mengalami dua tahap evolusi. C++ yang pertama, dirilis oleh AT&T Laboratories, dinamakan cfront. C++ versi kunoini hanya berupa kompiler yang menterjemahkan C++ menjadi bahasa C.
Pada evolusi selanjutnya, Borland International Inc. mengembangkan kompiler C++ menjadi sebuah kompiler yang mampu mengubah C++ langsung menjadi bahasa mesin (assembly). Sejak evolusi ini, mulai tahun 1990 C++ menjadi bahasa berorientasi obyek yang digunakan oleh sebagian besar pemrogram professional.
C bisa disebut bahasa pemrograman tingkat menengah (middle level programming language). Arti tingkat (level) disini adalah kemampuan mengakses fungsi-fungsi dan perintah-perintah dasar bahasa mesin/hardware (machine basic instruction set). Semakin tinggi tingkat bahasa pemrograman (misalnya: java), semakin mudahlah bahasa pemrograman dipahami manusia, namun membawa pengaruh semakin berkurang kemampuan untuk mengakses langsung instruksi dasar bahasa mesin. Demikian juga sebaliknya dengan bahasa pemrograman tingkat rendah (misalnya: assembler), yang semakin sulit dipahami manusia dan hanya berisi perintah untuk mengakses bahasa mesin. Dalam perspektif mudahnya dipahami manusia, C bisa digolongkan dalam bahasa tingkat tinggi, namun C juga menyediakan kemampuan yang ada pada bahasa tingkat rendah, misalnya operasi bit, operasi byte, pengaksesan memori, dsb.
Beberapa alasan mengapa memakai bahasa C:
* C adalah bahasa pemrograman yang paling populer saat ini, Dengan banyaknya programmer bahasa C, membawa pengaruh semakin mudahnya kita menemukan pemecahan masalah yang kita dapatkan ketika menulis program dalam bahasa C. Pengaruh positif lain adalah semakin banyaknya kompiler yang dikembangkan untuk berbagai platform (berpengaruh ke portabilitas).
* C adalah bahasa pemrograman yang memiliki portabilitas tinggi, Program C yang kita tulis untuk satu jenis platform, bisa kita kompile dan jalankan di platform lain dengan tanpa ataupun hanya sedikit perubahan. Ini bisa diwujudkan dengan adanya standarisasi ANSI untuk C.
* C adalah bahasa pemrograman yang fleksibel, Dengan menguasai bahasa C, kita bisa menulis dan mengembangkan berbagai jenis program mulai dari operating system, word processor, graphic processor, spreadsheets, ataupun kompiler untuk suatu bahasa pemrograman.
* C adalah bahasa pemrograman yang bersifat moduler, Program C ditulis dalam routine yang biasa dipanggil dengan fungsi. Fungsi-fungsi yang telah kita buat, bisa kita gunakan kembali (reuse) dalam program ataupun aplikasi lain.
Jumat, 20 November 2009
This never happens on our trail runs!
Come out and run with us on trails, where it's safe.
Saturdays 8:00 am @ Medway Trails
Wednesday's at 6:00 pm @ Komoka Trails (headlamp required)
Map of trail location map, just click on the title block above this picture.
Kamis, 19 November 2009
beautiful pillows.
i am suffering from mad chaos in my house right now...i think it would be nice to sit back and relax and focus on the pretty details like accent pillows....all of these are wonderful examples of how beautiful they can make a room feel...*sigh* my house is so not beautiful anymore....*images courtesy of inspiration for everyday living, laura casey interiors, michelle williams interiors, house beautiful/quadrille
Rabu, 18 November 2009
Sejarah PHP
Pada awalnya PHP merupakan kependekan dari Personal Home Page (Situs Personal). PHP pertama kali dibuat oleh Rasmus Lerdorf pada tahun 1995. Pada waktu itu PHP masih bernama FI (Form Interpreted), yang wujudnya berupa sekumpulan script yang digunakan untuk mengolah data form dari web.
Selanjutnya Rasmus merilis kode sumber tersebut untuk umum dan menamakannya PHP/FI. Dengan perilisan kode sumber ini menjadi open source, maka banyak programmer yang tertarik untuk ikut mengembangkan PHP.
Pada November 1997, dirilis PHP/FI 2.0. Pada rilis ini interpreter PHP sudah diimplementasikan dalam program C. Dalam rilis ini disertakan juga modul-modul ekstensi yang meningkatkan kemampuan PHP/FI secara signifikan.
Pada tahun 1997, sebuah perusahaan bernama Zend menulis ulang interpreter PHP menjadi lebih bersih, lebih baik, dan lebih cepat. Kemudian pada Juni 1998, perusahaan tersebut merilis interpreter baru untuk PHP dan meresmikan rilis tersebut sebagai PHP 3.0 dan singkatan PHP dirubah menjadi akronim berulang PHP: Hypertext Preprocessing.
Pada pertengahan tahun 1999, Zend merilis interpreter PHP baru dan rilis tersebut dikenal dengan PHP 4.0. PHP 4.0 adalah versi PHP yang paling banyak dipakai pada awal abad ke-21. Versi ini banyak dipakai disebabkan kemampuannya untuk membangun aplikasi web kompleks tetapi tetap memiliki kecepatan dan stabilitas yang tinggi.
Pada Juni 2004, Zend merilis PHP 5.0. Dalam versi ini, inti dari interpreter PHP mengalami perubahan besar. Versi ini juga memasukkan model pemrograman berorientasi objek ke dalam PHP untuk menjawab perkembangan bahasa pemrograman ke arah paradigma berorientasi objek.
Selanjutnya Rasmus merilis kode sumber tersebut untuk umum dan menamakannya PHP/FI. Dengan perilisan kode sumber ini menjadi open source, maka banyak programmer yang tertarik untuk ikut mengembangkan PHP.
Pada November 1997, dirilis PHP/FI 2.0. Pada rilis ini interpreter PHP sudah diimplementasikan dalam program C. Dalam rilis ini disertakan juga modul-modul ekstensi yang meningkatkan kemampuan PHP/FI secara signifikan.
Pada tahun 1997, sebuah perusahaan bernama Zend menulis ulang interpreter PHP menjadi lebih bersih, lebih baik, dan lebih cepat. Kemudian pada Juni 1998, perusahaan tersebut merilis interpreter baru untuk PHP dan meresmikan rilis tersebut sebagai PHP 3.0 dan singkatan PHP dirubah menjadi akronim berulang PHP: Hypertext Preprocessing.
Pada pertengahan tahun 1999, Zend merilis interpreter PHP baru dan rilis tersebut dikenal dengan PHP 4.0. PHP 4.0 adalah versi PHP yang paling banyak dipakai pada awal abad ke-21. Versi ini banyak dipakai disebabkan kemampuannya untuk membangun aplikasi web kompleks tetapi tetap memiliki kecepatan dan stabilitas yang tinggi.
Pada Juni 2004, Zend merilis PHP 5.0. Dalam versi ini, inti dari interpreter PHP mengalami perubahan besar. Versi ini juga memasukkan model pemrograman berorientasi objek ke dalam PHP untuk menjawab perkembangan bahasa pemrograman ke arah paradigma berorientasi objek.
Selasa, 17 November 2009
Malocclusion: Disease of Civilization, Part VI
Early Postnatal Face and Jaw Development
The face and jaws change more from birth to age four than at any other period of development after birth. At birth, infants have no teeth and their skull bones have not yet fused, allowing rapid growth. This period has a strong influence on the development of the jaws and face. The majority of malocclusions are established by the end this stage of development. Birth is the point at which the infant begins using its jaws and facial musculature in earnest.
The development of the jaws and face is very plastic, particularly during this period. Genes do not determine the absolute size or shape of any body structure. Genes carry the blueprint for all structures, and influence their size and shape, but structures develop relative to one another and in response to the forces applied to them during growth. This is how orthodontists can change tooth alignment and occlusion by applying force to the teeth and jaws.
Influences on Early Postnatal Face and Jaw Development
In 1987, Miriam H. Labbok and colleagues published a subset of the results of the National Health Interview survey (now called NHANES) in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Their article was provocatively titled "Does Breast-feeding Protect Against Malocclusion"? The study examined the occlusion of nearly 10,000 children, and interviewed the parents to determine the duration of breast feeding. Here's what they found:
The longer the infants were breastfed, the lower their likelihood of major malocclusion. The longest category was "greater than 12 months", in which the prevalence of malocclusion was less than half that of infants who were breastfed for three months or less. Hunter-gatherers and other non-industrial populations typically breastfeed for 2-4 years, but this is rare in affluent nations. Only two percent of the mothers in this study breastfed for longer than one year.
The prevalence and duration of breastfeeding have increased dramatically in the US since the 1970s, with the prevalence doubling between 1970 and 1980 (NHANES). The prevalence of malocclusion in the US has decreased somewhat in the last half-century, but is still very common (NHANES).
Several, but not all studies have found that infants who were breastfed have a smaller risk of malocclusion later in life (1, 2, 3). However, what has been more consistent is the association between non-nutritive sucking and malocclusion. Non-nutritive sucking (NNS) is when a child sucks on an object without getting calories out of it. This includes pacifier sucking, which is strongly associated with malocclusion*, and finger sucking, which is also associated to a lesser degree.
The longer a child engages in NNS, the higher his or her risk of malocclusion. The following graph is based on data from a study of nearly 700 children in Iowa (free full text). It charts the prevalence of three types of malocclusion (anterior open bite, posterior crossbite and excessive overjet) broken down by the duration of the NNS habit:
As you can see, there's a massive association. Children who sucked pacifiers or their fingers for more than four years had a 71 percent chance of having one of these three specific types of malocclusion, compared with 14 percent of children who sucked for less than a year. The association between NNS and malocclusion appeared after two years of NNS. Other studies have come to similar conclusions, including a 2006 literature review (1, 2, 3).
Bottle feeding, as opposed to direct breast feeding, is also associated with a higher risk of malocclusion (1, 2). One of the most important functions of breast feeding may be to displace NNS and bottle feeding. Hunter-gatherers and non-industrial cultures breast fed their children on demand, typically for 2-4 years, in addition to giving them solid food.
In my opinion, it's likely that NNS beyond two years of age, and bottle feeding to a lesser extent, cause a large proportion of the malocclusions in modern societies. Pacifier use seems to be particularly problematic, and finger sucking to a lesser degree.
How Do Breastfeeding, Bottle Feeding and NNS Affect Occlusion?
Since jaw development is influenced by the forces applied to them, it makes sense that the type of feeding during this period could have a major impact on occlusion. Children who have a prolonged pacifier habit are at high risk for open bite, a type of malocclusion in which the incisors don't come together when the jaws are closed. You can see a picture here. The teeth and jaws mold to the shape of the pacifier over time. This is because the growth patterns of bones respond to the forces that are applied to them. I suspect this is true for other parts of the skeleton as well.
Any force applied to the jaws that does not approximate the natural forces of breastfeeding or chewing and swallowing food, will put a child at risk of malocclusion during this period of his or her life. This includes NNS and bottle feeding. Pacifier sucking, finger sucking and bottle feeding promote patterns of muscular activity that result in weak jaw muscles and abnormal development of bony structures, whereas breastfeeding, chewing and swallowing strengthen jaw muscles and promote normal development (review article). This makes sense, because our species evolved in an environment where the breast and solid foods were the predominant objects that entered a child's mouth.
What Can We do About it?
In an ideal world (ideal for occlusion), mothers would breast feed on demand for 2-4 years, and introduce solid food about halfway through the first year, as our species has done since the beginning of time. For better or worse, we live in a different world than our ancestors, so this strategy will be difficult or impossible for many people. Are there any alternatives?
Parents like bottle feeding because it's convenient. Milk can be prepared in advance, the mother doesn't have to be present, feeding takes less time, and the parents can see exactly how much milk the child has consumed. One alternative to bottle feeding that's just as convenient is cup feeding. Cup feeding, as opposed to bottle feeding, promotes natural swallowing motions, which are important for correct development. The only study I found that examined the effect of cup feeding on occlusion found that cup-fed children developed fewer malocclusion and breathing problems than bottle-fed children.
Cup feeding has a long history of use. Several studies have found it to be safe and effective. It appears to be a good alternative to bottle feeding, that should not require any more time or effort.
What about pacifiers? Parents know that pacifiers make babies easier to manage, so they will be reluctant to give them up. Certain pacifier designs may be more detrimental than others. I came across the abstract of a study evaluating an "orthodontic pacifier" called the Dentistar, made by Novatex. The frequency of malocclusion was much lower in children who did not use a pacifier or used the Dentistar, than in those who used a more conventional pacifier. This study was funded by Novatex, but was conducted at Heinrich Heine University in Dusseldorf, Germany**. The pacifier has a spoon-like shape that allows normal tongue movement and exerts minimal pressure on the incisors. There may be other brands with a similar design.
The ideal is to avoid bottle feeding and pacifiers entirely. However, cup feeding and orthodontic pacifiers appear to be acceptable alternatives that minimize the risk of malocclusion during this critical developmental window.
* Particularly anterior open bite and posterior crossbite.
** I have no connection whatsoever to this company. I think the results of the trial are probably valid, but should be replicated.
The face and jaws change more from birth to age four than at any other period of development after birth. At birth, infants have no teeth and their skull bones have not yet fused, allowing rapid growth. This period has a strong influence on the development of the jaws and face. The majority of malocclusions are established by the end this stage of development. Birth is the point at which the infant begins using its jaws and facial musculature in earnest.
The development of the jaws and face is very plastic, particularly during this period. Genes do not determine the absolute size or shape of any body structure. Genes carry the blueprint for all structures, and influence their size and shape, but structures develop relative to one another and in response to the forces applied to them during growth. This is how orthodontists can change tooth alignment and occlusion by applying force to the teeth and jaws.
Influences on Early Postnatal Face and Jaw Development
In 1987, Miriam H. Labbok and colleagues published a subset of the results of the National Health Interview survey (now called NHANES) in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Their article was provocatively titled "Does Breast-feeding Protect Against Malocclusion"? The study examined the occlusion of nearly 10,000 children, and interviewed the parents to determine the duration of breast feeding. Here's what they found:
The longer the infants were breastfed, the lower their likelihood of major malocclusion. The longest category was "greater than 12 months", in which the prevalence of malocclusion was less than half that of infants who were breastfed for three months or less. Hunter-gatherers and other non-industrial populations typically breastfeed for 2-4 years, but this is rare in affluent nations. Only two percent of the mothers in this study breastfed for longer than one year.The prevalence and duration of breastfeeding have increased dramatically in the US since the 1970s, with the prevalence doubling between 1970 and 1980 (NHANES). The prevalence of malocclusion in the US has decreased somewhat in the last half-century, but is still very common (NHANES).
Several, but not all studies have found that infants who were breastfed have a smaller risk of malocclusion later in life (1, 2, 3). However, what has been more consistent is the association between non-nutritive sucking and malocclusion. Non-nutritive sucking (NNS) is when a child sucks on an object without getting calories out of it. This includes pacifier sucking, which is strongly associated with malocclusion*, and finger sucking, which is also associated to a lesser degree.
The longer a child engages in NNS, the higher his or her risk of malocclusion. The following graph is based on data from a study of nearly 700 children in Iowa (free full text). It charts the prevalence of three types of malocclusion (anterior open bite, posterior crossbite and excessive overjet) broken down by the duration of the NNS habit:
As you can see, there's a massive association. Children who sucked pacifiers or their fingers for more than four years had a 71 percent chance of having one of these three specific types of malocclusion, compared with 14 percent of children who sucked for less than a year. The association between NNS and malocclusion appeared after two years of NNS. Other studies have come to similar conclusions, including a 2006 literature review (1, 2, 3).Bottle feeding, as opposed to direct breast feeding, is also associated with a higher risk of malocclusion (1, 2). One of the most important functions of breast feeding may be to displace NNS and bottle feeding. Hunter-gatherers and non-industrial cultures breast fed their children on demand, typically for 2-4 years, in addition to giving them solid food.
In my opinion, it's likely that NNS beyond two years of age, and bottle feeding to a lesser extent, cause a large proportion of the malocclusions in modern societies. Pacifier use seems to be particularly problematic, and finger sucking to a lesser degree.
How Do Breastfeeding, Bottle Feeding and NNS Affect Occlusion?
Since jaw development is influenced by the forces applied to them, it makes sense that the type of feeding during this period could have a major impact on occlusion. Children who have a prolonged pacifier habit are at high risk for open bite, a type of malocclusion in which the incisors don't come together when the jaws are closed. You can see a picture here. The teeth and jaws mold to the shape of the pacifier over time. This is because the growth patterns of bones respond to the forces that are applied to them. I suspect this is true for other parts of the skeleton as well.
Any force applied to the jaws that does not approximate the natural forces of breastfeeding or chewing and swallowing food, will put a child at risk of malocclusion during this period of his or her life. This includes NNS and bottle feeding. Pacifier sucking, finger sucking and bottle feeding promote patterns of muscular activity that result in weak jaw muscles and abnormal development of bony structures, whereas breastfeeding, chewing and swallowing strengthen jaw muscles and promote normal development (review article). This makes sense, because our species evolved in an environment where the breast and solid foods were the predominant objects that entered a child's mouth.
What Can We do About it?
In an ideal world (ideal for occlusion), mothers would breast feed on demand for 2-4 years, and introduce solid food about halfway through the first year, as our species has done since the beginning of time. For better or worse, we live in a different world than our ancestors, so this strategy will be difficult or impossible for many people. Are there any alternatives?
Parents like bottle feeding because it's convenient. Milk can be prepared in advance, the mother doesn't have to be present, feeding takes less time, and the parents can see exactly how much milk the child has consumed. One alternative to bottle feeding that's just as convenient is cup feeding. Cup feeding, as opposed to bottle feeding, promotes natural swallowing motions, which are important for correct development. The only study I found that examined the effect of cup feeding on occlusion found that cup-fed children developed fewer malocclusion and breathing problems than bottle-fed children.
Cup feeding has a long history of use. Several studies have found it to be safe and effective. It appears to be a good alternative to bottle feeding, that should not require any more time or effort.
What about pacifiers? Parents know that pacifiers make babies easier to manage, so they will be reluctant to give them up. Certain pacifier designs may be more detrimental than others. I came across the abstract of a study evaluating an "orthodontic pacifier" called the Dentistar, made by Novatex. The frequency of malocclusion was much lower in children who did not use a pacifier or used the Dentistar, than in those who used a more conventional pacifier. This study was funded by Novatex, but was conducted at Heinrich Heine University in Dusseldorf, Germany**. The pacifier has a spoon-like shape that allows normal tongue movement and exerts minimal pressure on the incisors. There may be other brands with a similar design.
The ideal is to avoid bottle feeding and pacifiers entirely. However, cup feeding and orthodontic pacifiers appear to be acceptable alternatives that minimize the risk of malocclusion during this critical developmental window.
* Particularly anterior open bite and posterior crossbite.
** I have no connection whatsoever to this company. I think the results of the trial are probably valid, but should be replicated.
if you need me....
i am somewhere buried between boxes, newspaper, packing tape, and sharpies....it's officially time to pack up the last five years of our lives in our first home.....
Senin, 16 November 2009
Sambiloto Tingkatkan Daya Tahan Tubuh
Selasa, 17 November 2009 | 08:26 WIB
KOMPAS.com - Karena kandungannya berkhasiat meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh, sambiloto diyakini mampu menangkal virus HIV/AIDS. Sebuah perusahaan di Amerika Serikat sudah mematenkan tanaman ini. Di Indonesia, tanaman ini terserak di sembarang tempat.
Sambiloto termasuk dalam familia atau suku acanthaceae. Tanaman yang daun dan batangnya pahit ini dapat tumbuh pada ketinggian 700 m dpl. Tanaman ini sering kali dijumpai orang di pekarangan rumah. Bahkan tanaman ini juga tumbuh liar di tempat-tempat terbuka seperti ladang, sisi-sisi jalanan atau di tanah kosong yang terbengkalai.
Sambiloto merupakan suatu terna yang tumbuh tegak, dengan tinggi mencapai 90 cm. Batangnya berbentuk segi empat dan bercabang banyak. Tanaman ini mempunyai daun tunggal yang saling berhadap-hadapan, panjangnya 2-8 cm dan lebar 1-3 cm. Tanaman ini juga berbunga sepanjang tahun. Berwarna putih atau ungu, tersusun dalam rangkaian berupa tandan yang tumbuh pada ujung-ujung tangkai.
Sambiloto juga mempunyai buah yang bentuknya memanjang sampai jorong. Panjang buahnya itu sekitar 1,5 cm, lebar 0,5 cm serta pangkal dan ujungnya runcing. Bila sudah matang buahnya itu akan berwarna hitam dan akan pecah membujur menjadi empat keping. Biji tumbuhan ini gepeng, kecil, warnanya coklat muda.
Sambiloto mempunyai kandungan zat yang khas berupa andrographolide. "Zat andrographolide ini tidak ada di tanaman lain" ungkap Ir. Winarto, pemilik kebun tanaman obat Karyasari. Selain andrographolide tanaman ini juga mempunyai kandungan zat panicolin. "Makanya berdasarkan dua unsur zat itu sambiloto diberi nama andrographis paniculata" ujar Winarto lagi.
Andrographolide dan panicolin itu memang spesifik. Fungsi utamanya sebenarnya adalah meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh. Makanya di Amerika Serikat, sambiloto sudah dipatenkan sebagai obat penyakit AIDS.
Menjadikan suatu tanaman menjadi obat tidaklah gampang. Karena berkaitan dengan pemasaran serta kepercayaan masyarakat. Bila kita berbicara mengenai uji klinis, kebanyakan semua dilakukan di luar negeri. Di samping biayanya yang besar, tenaga ahlinya di sana banyak. Karena itu perusahaan luar negeri berani mematenkan sambiloto sebagai obat untuk meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh.
Kebanyakan pengobatan tradisional di Jawa, sambiloto diminum sebagai bahan untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit karena dia bersifat antibiotik. Bahan yang biasanya diambil pada sambiloto bisa batang atau daun. "Karena tanaman ini berumur semusim. Daun dan batangnya bisa dicabut sekaligus lalu direbus semua" tambah Winarto lagi.
Masih menurut Winarto, umumnya kalau kita mau meminum sehari 2 gelas ramuan sambiloto, maka daya tahan tubuh kita akan meningkat dan tidak mudah terserang penyakit. Caranya: 10 gram daun kering diberi air 4 gelas lalu direbus hingga airnya tersisa 2 gelas. Sering tidaknya kita minum rebusan sambiloto tergantung dari keadaan badan kita. Bila menderita penyakit serius, maka bisa minum lebih banyak daru itu. Untuk kasus-kasus gigitan serangga sambiloto sangat mujarab. Sedikit ditumbuk lalu dimamarkan ke kulit yang terkena gigitan, gatal-gatal di kulit akan cepat hilang.
Tapi, "Karena rasanya pahit, untuk sekedar pencegahan penyakit bisa minum olahan sambiloto 1/2 gelas saja sehari, tidak perlu sampai 2 gelas. Atau kalau Anda tidak suka rasa pahit, Anda bisa menelan ramuan sambiloto itu dalam bentuk kapsul. Caranya, masukkan saja bubuk dari daun sambiloto kering ke dalam kapsul. Tapi untuk orang yang terkena tekanan darah rendah, minum olahan sambiloto malah akan menambah tekanan darahnya menjadi drop," ungkap Winarto mengingatkan. Jadi hati-hati Anda yang punya tekanan darah rendah. @ Hendra Priantono
Editor: acandra
Sumber : www.gayahidupsehatonline.com
NB : Herbal sambiloto dalam bentuk kapsul mudah dikonsumsi, harga 50rb/btl isi 45 kpsul. info pemesanan 081310343598 atau budiprakoso98@gmail.com
SHOCKING
The overall winner of the 2009 Soiled Sport Trail Series is Carl Keevil, as announced at the Pacer Awards Brunch on November 15th
First female is Barb Newall.
Jumat, 13 November 2009
Rabu, 11 November 2009
a perfect combo.
in case you can't tell, life around here is super busy....please forgive me for not being able to give my blog a ton of attention. i promise things will return to normal soon- i hope :)*images courtesy of desire to inspire, decor pad, cstellin, tracery interiors, canadian house and home, tracery interiors, country living
Selasa, 10 November 2009
Malocclusion: Disease of Civilization, Part V
Prenatal Development of the Face and Jaws
The structures of the face and jaws take shape during the first trimester of pregnancy. The 5th to 11th weeks of pregnancy are particularly crucial for occlusion, because this is when the jaws, nasal septum and other cranial structures form. The nasal septum is the piece of cartilage that forms the structure of the nose and separates the two air passages as they enter the nostrils.
Maternal Nutritional Status Affects Fetal Development
Abnormal nutrient status can lead to several types of birth defects. Vitamin A is an essential signaling molecule during development. Both deficiency and excess can cause birth defects, with the effects predominantly targeting the cranium and nervous system, respectively. Folic acid deficiency causes birth defects of the brain and spine. Other nutrients such as vitamin B12 may influence the risk of birth defects as well*.
The Role of Vitamin K
As early as the 1970s, physicians began noting characteristic developmental abnormalities in infants whose mothers took the blood-thinning drug warfarin (coumadin) during the first trimester of pregnancy. These infants showed an underdevelopment of the nasal septum, the maxilla (upper jaw), small or absent sinuses, and a characteristic "dished" face. This eventually resulted in narrow dental arches, severe malocclusion and tooth crowding**. The whole spectrum was called Binder's syndrome, or warfarin embryopathy.
Warfarin works by inhibiting vitamin K recycling, thus depleting a nutrient necessary for normal blood clotting. It's now clear that Binder's syndrome can result from anything that interferes with vitamin K status during the first trimester of pregnancy. This includes warfarin, certain anti-epilepsy drugs, certain antibiotics, genetic mutations that interfere with vitamin K status, and celiac disease (intestinal damage due to gluten).
Why is vitamin K important for the development of the jaws and face of the fetus? Vitamin K is required to activate a protein called matrix gla protein (MGP), which prevents unwanted calcification of the nasal septum in the developing fetus (among other things). If this protein isn't activated by vitamin K during the critical developmental window, calcium deposits form in the nasal septum, stunting its growth and also stunting the growth of the maxilla and sinuses. Low activity of MGP appears to be largely responsible for Binder's syndrome, since the syndrome can be caused by genetic mutations in MGP in humans. Small or absent sinuses are common in the general population.
One of the interesting things about MGP is its apparent preference for vitamin K2 over vitamin K1. Vitamin K1 is found predominantly in green vegetables, and is sufficient to activate blood clotting factors and probably some other vitamin K-dependent proteins. "Vitamin K2" refers to a collection of molecules known as menaquinones. These are denoted as "MK", followed by a number indicating the length of the side chain attached to the quinone ring.
Biologically important menaquinones are MK-4 through MK-12 or so. MK-4 is the form that animals synthesize from vitamin K1 for their own use. Certain organs (brain, pancreas, salivary gland, arteries) preferentially accumulate K2 MK-4, and certain cellular processes are also selective for K2 MK-4 (MGP activation, PKA-dependent transcriptional effects). Vitamin K2 MK-4 is found almost exclusively in animal foods, particularly pastured butter, organs and eggs. It is always found in foods designed to nourish growing animals, such as eggs and milk.
Humans have the ability to convert K1 to K2 when K1 is ingested in artificially large amounts. However, due to the limited absorption of normal dietary sources of K1 and the unknown conversion efficiency, it's unclear how much green vegetables contribute to K2 status. Serum vitamin K1 reaches a plateau at about 200 micrograms per day of dietary K1 intake, the equivalent of 1/4 cup of cooked spinach (see figure 1 of this paper). Still, I think eating green vegetables regularly is a good idea, and may contribute to K2 status. Other menaquinones such as MK-7 (found in natto) may contribute to K2 status as well, but this question has not been resolved.
Severe vitamin K deficiency clearly impacts occlusion. Could more subtle deficiency lead to a less pronounced form of the same developmental syndrome? Here are a few facts about vitamin K relevant to this question:
An Ounce of Prevention
Vitamin A, folic acid, vitamin D and vitamin K2 are all nutrients with a long turnover time. Body stores of these nutrients depend on long-term intake. Thus, the nutritional status of the fetus during the first trimester reflects what the mother has been eating for several months before conception.
Dr. Weston Price noted that a number of the traditional societies he visited prepared women of childbearing age for healthy pregnancies by giving them special foods rich in fat-soluble vitamins. This allowed them to gestate and rear healthy, well-formed children. Nutrient-dense animal foods and green vegetables are a good idea before, during and after pregnancy.
* Liver is the richest source of vitamin A, folic acid and B12.
** Affected individuals may show class I, II, or III malocclusion.
The structures of the face and jaws take shape during the first trimester of pregnancy. The 5th to 11th weeks of pregnancy are particularly crucial for occlusion, because this is when the jaws, nasal septum and other cranial structures form. The nasal septum is the piece of cartilage that forms the structure of the nose and separates the two air passages as they enter the nostrils.
Maternal Nutritional Status Affects Fetal Development
Abnormal nutrient status can lead to several types of birth defects. Vitamin A is an essential signaling molecule during development. Both deficiency and excess can cause birth defects, with the effects predominantly targeting the cranium and nervous system, respectively. Folic acid deficiency causes birth defects of the brain and spine. Other nutrients such as vitamin B12 may influence the risk of birth defects as well*.
The Role of Vitamin K
As early as the 1970s, physicians began noting characteristic developmental abnormalities in infants whose mothers took the blood-thinning drug warfarin (coumadin) during the first trimester of pregnancy. These infants showed an underdevelopment of the nasal septum, the maxilla (upper jaw), small or absent sinuses, and a characteristic "dished" face. This eventually resulted in narrow dental arches, severe malocclusion and tooth crowding**. The whole spectrum was called Binder's syndrome, or warfarin embryopathy.
Warfarin works by inhibiting vitamin K recycling, thus depleting a nutrient necessary for normal blood clotting. It's now clear that Binder's syndrome can result from anything that interferes with vitamin K status during the first trimester of pregnancy. This includes warfarin, certain anti-epilepsy drugs, certain antibiotics, genetic mutations that interfere with vitamin K status, and celiac disease (intestinal damage due to gluten).
Why is vitamin K important for the development of the jaws and face of the fetus? Vitamin K is required to activate a protein called matrix gla protein (MGP), which prevents unwanted calcification of the nasal septum in the developing fetus (among other things). If this protein isn't activated by vitamin K during the critical developmental window, calcium deposits form in the nasal septum, stunting its growth and also stunting the growth of the maxilla and sinuses. Low activity of MGP appears to be largely responsible for Binder's syndrome, since the syndrome can be caused by genetic mutations in MGP in humans. Small or absent sinuses are common in the general population.
One of the interesting things about MGP is its apparent preference for vitamin K2 over vitamin K1. Vitamin K1 is found predominantly in green vegetables, and is sufficient to activate blood clotting factors and probably some other vitamin K-dependent proteins. "Vitamin K2" refers to a collection of molecules known as menaquinones. These are denoted as "MK", followed by a number indicating the length of the side chain attached to the quinone ring.
Biologically important menaquinones are MK-4 through MK-12 or so. MK-4 is the form that animals synthesize from vitamin K1 for their own use. Certain organs (brain, pancreas, salivary gland, arteries) preferentially accumulate K2 MK-4, and certain cellular processes are also selective for K2 MK-4 (MGP activation, PKA-dependent transcriptional effects). Vitamin K2 MK-4 is found almost exclusively in animal foods, particularly pastured butter, organs and eggs. It is always found in foods designed to nourish growing animals, such as eggs and milk.
Humans have the ability to convert K1 to K2 when K1 is ingested in artificially large amounts. However, due to the limited absorption of normal dietary sources of K1 and the unknown conversion efficiency, it's unclear how much green vegetables contribute to K2 status. Serum vitamin K1 reaches a plateau at about 200 micrograms per day of dietary K1 intake, the equivalent of 1/4 cup of cooked spinach (see figure 1 of this paper). Still, I think eating green vegetables regularly is a good idea, and may contribute to K2 status. Other menaquinones such as MK-7 (found in natto) may contribute to K2 status as well, but this question has not been resolved.
Severe vitamin K deficiency clearly impacts occlusion. Could more subtle deficiency lead to a less pronounced form of the same developmental syndrome? Here are a few facts about vitamin K relevant to this question:
- In industrial societies, newborns are typically vitamin K deficient. This is reflected by the fact that in the US, nearly all newborns are given vitamin K1 at birth to prevent potentially fatal hemorrhage. In Japan, infants are given vitamin K2 MK-4, which is equally effective at preventing hemmorhage.
- Fetuses generally have low vitamin K status, as measured by the activity of their clotting factors.
- The human placenta transports vitamin K across the placental barrier and accumulates it. This transport mechanism is highly selective for vitamin K2 MK-4 over K1.
- The concentration of K1 in maternal blood is much higher than its concentration in umbilical cord blood, whereas the concentration of K2 in maternal blood is similar to the concentration in cord blood. Vitamin K2 MK-7 is undetectable in cord blood, even when supplemented, suggesting that MK-7 is not an adequate substitute for MK-4 during pregnancy.
- In rat experiments, arterial calcification due to warfarin was inhibited by vitamin K2 MK-4, but not vitamin K1. This is probably due to K2's ability to activate MGP, the same protein required for the normal development of the human face and jaws.
- The human mammary gland appears to be the most capable organ at converting vitamin K1 to K2 MK-4.
An Ounce of Prevention
Vitamin A, folic acid, vitamin D and vitamin K2 are all nutrients with a long turnover time. Body stores of these nutrients depend on long-term intake. Thus, the nutritional status of the fetus during the first trimester reflects what the mother has been eating for several months before conception.
Dr. Weston Price noted that a number of the traditional societies he visited prepared women of childbearing age for healthy pregnancies by giving them special foods rich in fat-soluble vitamins. This allowed them to gestate and rear healthy, well-formed children. Nutrient-dense animal foods and green vegetables are a good idea before, during and after pregnancy.
* Liver is the richest source of vitamin A, folic acid and B12.
** Affected individuals may show class I, II, or III malocclusion.
Go to the Pacer Brunch or the cat get's it!!
You forced me into this.The cat get's it, if you do not reserve your seat at the Pacer brunch on Sunday.
Senin, 09 November 2009
Teh Rosella, Penurun Kolesterol Sekaligus Antioksidan
Selasa, 10 November 2009 | 07:49 WIB
Laporan wartawan KOMPAS.com dr. Intan Airlina Febiliawanti
KOMPAS.com - Teh rosella yang banyak tumbuh di China, India, dan Taiwan seringkali digunakan sebagai pengobatan tradisional untuk menurunkan kadar kolesterol dalam tubuh. Tapi ternyata manfaatnya tak hanya sekedar menurunkan kolesterol, teh ini juga mengandung antioksidan serta mengurangi tekanan darah tinggi.
Studi para ahli di Shan Medical University of Biochemistry di Taiwan mengambil ekstrak Rosella dan terbukti menurunkan kadar LDL kolesterol serta mengurangi resiko penyakit jantung. Hasil penelitian ini dipublikasikan di Journal of the Scinece Of Food and Agriculture yang diprakarsai oleh Dr.Chau - Jong Wang.
Dr. Chau-Jong Wang menyatakan bahwa penelitiannya telah membuktikan komponen ekstrak rosella dapat mengurangi kolesterol dan lemak yang tertimbun di pembuluh darah.
Hal senada juga diungkapkan oleh Dr.Charmaine Griffiths, juru bicara dari British Heart Foundation seperti yang dilansir BBC bahwa ada suatu kandungan antioksidan yang dinamakan flavonoid yang bisa mengurangi LDL atau kolesterol jahat.
Sedangkan seorang peneliti dari Insititute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology di Chung San Medical University, Yun Ching Chan, menyatakan bahwa pigmen dari rosella yang dikeringkan cukup efektif dalam menghancurkan sel kanker. Untuk itu, penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai hal ini masih dilakukan.
Akan tetapi, perlu diingat pula bahwa untuk mengurangi kolesterol, Anda tidak hanya dengan meminum teh saja. Tentunya, akan lebih baik jika Anda menyertakan olahraga dan makan makanan yang sehat untuk menjaga kesehatan Anda. (dr.Intan Airlina Febiliawanti)
NB : Rossela tea -- harga RP. 30rb/kotak -- pemesanan budiprakoso98@gmail.com atau 081310343598
Selasa, 10 November 2009 | 07:49 WIB
Laporan wartawan KOMPAS.com dr. Intan Airlina Febiliawanti
KOMPAS.com - Teh rosella yang banyak tumbuh di China, India, dan Taiwan seringkali digunakan sebagai pengobatan tradisional untuk menurunkan kadar kolesterol dalam tubuh. Tapi ternyata manfaatnya tak hanya sekedar menurunkan kolesterol, teh ini juga mengandung antioksidan serta mengurangi tekanan darah tinggi.
Studi para ahli di Shan Medical University of Biochemistry di Taiwan mengambil ekstrak Rosella dan terbukti menurunkan kadar LDL kolesterol serta mengurangi resiko penyakit jantung. Hasil penelitian ini dipublikasikan di Journal of the Scinece Of Food and Agriculture yang diprakarsai oleh Dr.Chau - Jong Wang.
Dr. Chau-Jong Wang menyatakan bahwa penelitiannya telah membuktikan komponen ekstrak rosella dapat mengurangi kolesterol dan lemak yang tertimbun di pembuluh darah.
Hal senada juga diungkapkan oleh Dr.Charmaine Griffiths, juru bicara dari British Heart Foundation seperti yang dilansir BBC bahwa ada suatu kandungan antioksidan yang dinamakan flavonoid yang bisa mengurangi LDL atau kolesterol jahat.
Sedangkan seorang peneliti dari Insititute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology di Chung San Medical University, Yun Ching Chan, menyatakan bahwa pigmen dari rosella yang dikeringkan cukup efektif dalam menghancurkan sel kanker. Untuk itu, penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai hal ini masih dilakukan.
Akan tetapi, perlu diingat pula bahwa untuk mengurangi kolesterol, Anda tidak hanya dengan meminum teh saja. Tentunya, akan lebih baik jika Anda menyertakan olahraga dan makan makanan yang sehat untuk menjaga kesehatan Anda. (dr.Intan Airlina Febiliawanti)
NB : Rossela Tea - harga 30rb/kotak.. pemesanan budiprakoso98@gmail.com atau 0813120343598
Obat Tradisional Makin Diminati di Negara Maju
Selasa, 10 November 2009 | 10:58 WIB
MEDAN, KOMPAS.com - Pengamat kesehatan dari Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU), Dr Datten Bangun, MSc, SFk mengatakan, masyarakat di negara maju menyukai obat-obatan tradisional berbahan dasar tumbuh-tumbuhan daripada menggunakan obat sintetik yang mengandung bahan kimia.
"Indikasi menyukai obat tradisional untuk menyembuhkan berbagai jenis penyakit kini semakin meluas ke berbagai negara di belahan dunia," katanya di Medan, kemarin.
Ia mengatakan, kecenderungan masyarakat luas menggunakan obat-obat tradisional di berbagai negara itu lebih dikenal sebagai "gelombang hijau baru" (new green wave).
Kondisi itu dipicu oleh efek samping obat sintetik dan antibiotik, di samping opini di banyak negara bahwa bahan alami lebih aman dari bahan berzat kimia produksi pabrik.
Dosen Fakultas Kedokteran USU itu menilai, masyarakat dunia semakin mengkhawatirkan dampak negatif penggunaan obat-obat sintetik sehingga mereka ramai-ramai kembali ke alam (back to nature).
Gerakan ini berupaya menggunakan kembali obat-obatan tradisional yang ramuannya dari bahan alami yang didapat di alam. Kondisi ini sendiri membuat para ilmuwan dituntut untuk mengembangkan pengobatan tradisional yang lahir dari kearifan leluhur, seperti berlaku selama ini di Indonesia.
Obat-obatan tradisional memang berkhasiat bagi kesehatan, dan kini digencarkan penggunaannya karena lebih mudah dijangkau masyarakat, baik harga mau pun ketersediaannya.
Obat tradisional pada saat ini banyak digunakan karena tidak terlalu menyebabkan efek samping bila pengunaannya benar, karena masih bisa dicerna oleh tubuh.
Beberapa perusahaan mengolah obat-obatan tradisional yang dimodifikasi demikian rupa sehingga mudah dikonsumsi. Bagian dari obat tradisional yang bisa dimanfaatkan adalah akar, rimpang, batang, buah, daun dan bunga.
Kini bentuk obat tradisional yang banyak dijual di pasaran adalah dalam bentuk kapsul, serbuk, cair, simplisia (obat yang masih dalam bentuk aslinya) dan tablet.
Sumber :http://www.kompas.com/read/xml/2009/11/10/10580182/Obat.Tradisional.Makin.Diminati.di.Negara.Maju
MEDAN, KOMPAS.com - Pengamat kesehatan dari Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU), Dr Datten Bangun, MSc, SFk mengatakan, masyarakat di negara maju menyukai obat-obatan tradisional berbahan dasar tumbuh-tumbuhan daripada menggunakan obat sintetik yang mengandung bahan kimia.
"Indikasi menyukai obat tradisional untuk menyembuhkan berbagai jenis penyakit kini semakin meluas ke berbagai negara di belahan dunia," katanya di Medan, kemarin.
Ia mengatakan, kecenderungan masyarakat luas menggunakan obat-obat tradisional di berbagai negara itu lebih dikenal sebagai "gelombang hijau baru" (new green wave).
Kondisi itu dipicu oleh efek samping obat sintetik dan antibiotik, di samping opini di banyak negara bahwa bahan alami lebih aman dari bahan berzat kimia produksi pabrik.
Dosen Fakultas Kedokteran USU itu menilai, masyarakat dunia semakin mengkhawatirkan dampak negatif penggunaan obat-obat sintetik sehingga mereka ramai-ramai kembali ke alam (back to nature).
Gerakan ini berupaya menggunakan kembali obat-obatan tradisional yang ramuannya dari bahan alami yang didapat di alam. Kondisi ini sendiri membuat para ilmuwan dituntut untuk mengembangkan pengobatan tradisional yang lahir dari kearifan leluhur, seperti berlaku selama ini di Indonesia.
Obat-obatan tradisional memang berkhasiat bagi kesehatan, dan kini digencarkan penggunaannya karena lebih mudah dijangkau masyarakat, baik harga mau pun ketersediaannya.
Obat tradisional pada saat ini banyak digunakan karena tidak terlalu menyebabkan efek samping bila pengunaannya benar, karena masih bisa dicerna oleh tubuh.
Beberapa perusahaan mengolah obat-obatan tradisional yang dimodifikasi demikian rupa sehingga mudah dikonsumsi. Bagian dari obat tradisional yang bisa dimanfaatkan adalah akar, rimpang, batang, buah, daun dan bunga.
Kini bentuk obat tradisional yang banyak dijual di pasaran adalah dalam bentuk kapsul, serbuk, cair, simplisia (obat yang masih dalam bentuk aslinya) dan tablet.
Sumber :http://www.kompas.com/read/xml/2009/11/10/10580182/Obat.Tradisional.Makin.Diminati.di.Negara.Maju
i still remember it like it was yesterday...
the first domino cover with ruthie sommers....the graphic divid hicks la fiorentina fabric from lee jofa on that camel back sofa is something i will never forget....and to this day, i still adore the print....here's a collection that instantly puts a smile on my face :) and if it puts a smile on yours then you might be interested in this....
*images courtesy of all the best, chic coles, the estate of things, la dolce vita, material girls, palmer weiss, maison luxe
Kamis, 05 November 2009
mapped out.
so is your life mapped out for you or are you the kind of person who could close their eyes and point??*images courtesy of fric and frac, design is mine, glimpse of style, ethanollie, homemade grits, black eiffel
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)
