Awet Muda Berkat Sirsak
Kamis, 18 Maret 2010 | 09:09 WIB

JAKARTA, KOMPAS.com — Sirsak punya banyak manfaat. Di dalamnya terdapat zat-zat yang mampu menangkal asam urat, hipertensi, osteoporosis, dan bisa membuat awet muda. Manfaat lainnya, meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh, menyembuhkan wasir, dan memperlancar pencernaan makanan.

Untuk hidup sehat, kita dianjurkan mengonsumsi 2-4 porsi buah dan 3-5 porsi sayuran per hari. Buah dan sayur merupakan sumber vitamin, mineral, dan serat pangan yang sangat baik. Selain itu, sirsak juga merupakan sumber senyawa fitokimia yang belakangan ini sangat dirasakan manfaatnya bagi kesehatan.

Kita perlu bersyukur karena wilayah kita dilimpahi berbagai macam buah tropis. Buah-buahan tersebut sarat komponen gizi dan nongizi yang sangat dibutuhkan untuk mengoptimalkan kesehatan tubuh.

Salah satu jenis buah tropis yang sangat populer karena aromanya yang tajam serta rasanya yang manis keasaman adalah sirsak. Buah ini sangat mudah dijumpai, mulai dari pasar buah tradisional hingga supermarket. Di restoran dan hotel, buah sirsak umumnya disajikan dalam bentuk jus dingin.

Rasanya yang manis keasaman itu memberikan sensasi tersendiri bagi para penggemarnya. Bagi yang senang sarapan dengan roti, buah sirsak juga sering ditambahkan dalam bentuk selai. Apa pun bentuk olahannya, cita rasa sirsak tetap melekat kuat pada produk sehingga sangat mudah dikenali.

Buah mendunia
Sirsak (Anona muricata Linn) merupakan kerabat dekat srikaya (Anona squamosa Linn). Tanaman sirsak berasal dari daerah tropis Amerika, yaitu sekitar Peru, Meksiko, dan Argentina. Di tempat asalnya, sirsak merupakan buah penting dan bergengsi.

Buah ini merupakan salah satu pohon buah yang pertama kali diintroduksi ke dunia lama setelah Colombus menemukan Benua Amerika. Segera setelah itu, orang-orang Spanyol membawa sirsak ke Filipina dan terbukti tanaman ini dapat tumbuh di sebagian besar negara tropis, termasuk di Indonesia. Tanaman ini tumbuh baik di seluruh Indonesia, dari dataran rendah hingga ketinggian 1.000 meter di atas permukaan laut.

Kata sirsak berasal dari bahasa Belanda, yaitu zuurzak. Kata zuur berarti asam, zak berarti kantong. Jadi, secara harfiah diartikan sebagai kantong yang rasanya asam. Di Malaysia, sirsak disebut durian belanda (Dutch durian).

Sebutan lain untuk sirsak adalah corossol/cachiman epincux (Perancis), saucrapfel (Jerman), guanabana/zapote agrio (Spanyol), thu-rian-rhaek (Thailand), seetha (Tamil), guayabano (Filipina), ciguofan lizhi (Cina), togebanreishi (Jepang), dan seremania (Fiji). Dalam bahasa Inggris, buah sirsak dikenal dengan istilah soursop karena rasanya yang manis keasaman.

Di Indonesia, tanaman sirsak disebut juga sebagai nangka belanda atau nangka seberang. Tanaman tersebut dapat beradaptasi dan tumbuh baik di semua wilayah. Namun, tanaman sirsak belum diusahakan secara besar-besaran, umumnya ditanam secara terbatas di halaman atau pekarangan rumah.

Kaya vitamin C
Buah sirsak terdiri dari 67,5 persen daging buah, 20 persen kulit buah, 8,5 persen biji buah, dan 4 persen inti buah. Kandungan zat gizi dan serat pangan buah sirsak per 100 gram bagian yang dapat dimakan dapat dilihat pada tabel.
Setelah air, kandungan zat gizi yang terbanyak dalam sirsak adalah karbohidrat.

Salah satu jenis karbohidrat pada buah sirsak adalah gula pereduksi (glukosa dan fruktosa) dengar kadar 81,9-93,6 persen dari kandungan gula total.

Buah sirsak mengandung sangat sedikit lemak (0,3 g/100 g) sehingga sangat baik untuk kesehatan. Rasa asam pada sirsak berasal dari asam organik nonvolatil, terutama asam malat, asam sitrat, dan asam isositrat.

Vitamin yang paling dominan pada buah sirsak adalah vitamin C, yaitu sekitar 20 mg per 100 gram daging buah. Kebutuhan vitamin C per orang per hari (yaitu 60 mg) telah dapat dipenuhi hanya dengan mengonsumsi 300 gram daging buah sirsak.

Kandungan vitamin C yang cukup tinggi pada sirsak merupakan antioksidan yang sangat baik untuk meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh dan memperlambat proses penuaan (tetap awet muda).

Mineral yang cukup dominan adalah fosfor dan kalsium, masing-masing sebesar 27 dan 14 mg per 100 g. Kedua mineral tersebut penting untuk pembentukan massa tulang sehingga berguna untuk membentuk tulang yang kuat serta menghambat osteoporosis.
Keunggulan sirsak terletak pada kadar sodium (natrium) yang rendah (14 mg per 100 g), tetapi tinggi potasium (kalium), yaitu 278 mg per 100 g. Perbandingan kalium dan natrium yang tinggi sangat menguntungkan dalam rangka pencegahan penyakit hipertensi.

Kaya serat
Selain komponen gizi, buah sirsak juga sangat kaya akan komponen nongizi. Salah satu di antaranya adalah mengandung banyak serat pangan (dietary fiber), yaitu mencapai 3,3 g per 100 g daging buah.

Konsumsi 100 g daging buah dapat memenuhi 13 persen kebutuhan serat pangan sehari. Buah sirsak merupakan buah yang kaya akan senyawa fitokimia sehingga dapat dipastikan bahwa buah tersebut sangat banyak manfaatnya bagi kesehatan.
Beberapa contoh senyawa fitokimia yang terkandung pada buah sirsak adalah: acetaldehyde, amyl-caproate, amyloid, annonain, anomuricine, anomuricinine, anomurine, anonol, atherosperminine, beta-sitosterol, campesterol, cellobiose, citrulline, coclaurine, coreximine, dextrose, galactomannan, geranyl-caproate, muricine, muricinine, muricapentocin, muricoreacin, procyanidin, stepharine, stigmasterol, tannin, xylosyl-cellulose (http://www.herb4myhealth.com).

Senyawa fitokimia tersebut dipastikan memiliki khasiat bagi kesehatan walaupun belum semuanya terbukti secara ilmiah. Berbagai manfaat sirsak untuk terapi, antara lain, pengobatan batu empedu, antisembelit, asam urat, dan meningkatkan selera makan. Selain itu, kandungan seratnya juga berfungsi untuk memperlancar pencernaan, terutama untuk pengobatan sembelit (susah buang air besar).

Sari buah (jus) sirsak di dalam sistem pencernaan akan meningkatkan selera makan. Kegunaan lain dari sari buah ini adalah untuk pengobatan pinggang pegal dan nyeri, penyakit wasir (ambeien), batu empedu, dan lain-lain (Wirakusumah, 2004). @

Prof Dr Made Astawan
Dosen Departemen Teknologi
Pangan dan Gizi IPB

celebrating green...

my way of celebrating st. patrick's day has had many different meanings over the years...in elementary school i celebrated it by seeing how much green i could actually put on my body, in middle school i toned it down to just a pair of earrings, in high school i think i wore pink b/c i was trying to be cool by not wearing green, in college i chugged green beer, and currently i traded in all of that green for a bowl full of guacamole....

happy st. patrick's day...i hope you enjoy the green, whichever way you choose to celebrate it :)

*images courtesy of design sponge, glimpse of style, partierre garden, google image

Book Review: The Primal Blueprint

Mark Sisson has been a central figure in the evolutionary health community since he began his weblog Mark's Daily Apple in 2006. He and his staff have been posting daily on his blog ever since. He has also written several other books, edited the Optimum Health newsletter, competed as a high-level endurance athlete, and served on the International Triathlon Union as the anti-doping chairman, all of which you can read about on his biography page. Mark is a practice-what-you-preach kind of guy, and if physical appearance means anything, he's on to something.

In 2009, Mark published his long-awaited book The Primal Blueprint. He self-published the book, which has advantages and disadvantages. The big advantage is that you aren't subject to the sometimes onerous demands of publishers, who attempt to maximize sales at Barnes and Noble. The front cover sports a simple picture of Mark, rather than a sunbaked swimsuit model, and the back cover offers no ridiculous claims of instant beauty and fat loss.

The drawback of self-publishing is it's more difficult to break into a wider market. That's why Mark has asked me to publish my review of his book today. He's trying to push it up in the Amazon.com rankings so that it gets a broader exposure. If you've been thinking about buying Mark's book, now is a good time to do it. If you order it from Amazon.com on March 17th, Mark is offering to sweeten the deal with some freebies on his site Mark's Daily Apple. Full disclosure: I'm not getting anything out of this, I'm simply mentioning it because I was reviewing Mark's book anyway and I thought some readers might enjoy it.

The Primal Blueprint is not a weight loss or diet book, it's a lifestyle program with an evolutionary slant. Mark uses the example of historical and contemporary hunter-gatherers as a model, and attempts to apply those lessons to life in the 21st century. He does it in a way that's empowering accessible to nearly everyone. To illustrate his points, he uses the example of an archetypal hunter-gatherer called Grok, and his 21st century mirror image, the Korg family.

The diet section will be familiar to anyone who has read about "paleolithic"-type diets. He advocates eating meats including organs, seafood, eggs, nuts, abundant vegetables, and fruit. He also suggests avoiding grains, legumes, dairy (although he's not very militant about this one), processed food in general, and reducing carbohydrate to less than 150 grams per day. I like his diet suggestions because they focus on real food. Mark is not a drill sergeant. He tries to create a plan that will be sustainable in the long run, by staying positive and allowing for cheats.

We part ways on the issue of carbohydrate. He suggests that eating more than 150 grams of carbohydrate per day leads to fat gain and disease, whereas I feel that position is untenable in light of what we know of non-industrial cultures (including some relatively high-carbohydrate hunter-gatherers). Although carbohydrate restriction (or at least wheat and sugar restriction) does have its place in treating obesity and metabolic dysfunction in modern populations, ultimately I don't think it's necessary for the prevention of those same problems, and it can even be counterproductive in some cases. Mark does acknowledge that refined carbohydrates are the main culprits.

The book's diet section also recommends nutritional supplements, including a multivitamin/mineral, antioxidant supplement, probiotics, protein powder and fish oil. I'm not a big proponent of supplementation. I'm also a bit of a hypocrite because I do take small doses of fish oil (when I haven't had seafood recently), and vitamin D in wintertime. But I can't get behind protein powders and antioxidant supplements.

Mark's suggestions for exercise, sun exposure, sleep and stress management make good sense to me. In a nutshell: do all three, but keep the exercise varied and don't overdo it. As a former high-level endurance athlete, he has a lot of credibility here. He puts everything in a format that's practical, accessible and empowering.

I think The Primal Blueprint is a useful book for a person who wants to maintain or improve her health. Although we disagree on the issue of carbohydrate, the diet and lifestyle advice is solid and will definitely be a vast improvement over what the average person is doing. The Primal Blueprint is not an academic book, nor does it attempt to be. It doesn't contain many references (although it does contain some), and it won't satisfy someone looking for an in-depth discussion of the scientific literature. However, it's perfect for someone who's getting started and needs guidance, or who simply wants a more comprehensive source than reading blog snippets. It would make a great gift for that family member or friend who's been asking how you stay in such good shape.