Kesehatan Reproduksi Wanita

Kesehatan Reproduksi Wanita adalah hal yang harus dijaga oleh setiap wanita agar menjadi wanita yang subur. Dalam menjaga kesehatan reproduksi wanita, ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan, yaitu:




1. Menjaga keasaman alat vital
Struktur kelamin bersifat khas. Saluran kelamin wanita selalu
terbuka sehingga selalu mempunyai resiko terkena
infeksi dari luar. Akan tetapi, suasana asam yang

tips blogger dan computer mengucapkan minal aidin wal faizin mohon maaf lahir dan batin

Tips blogger dan computer mengucapkan  minal aidin wal faizin mohon maaf lahir dan batin.

     Allahu akbar, Allahu akbar, Allahu akbar.Allahu akbar,  Lailahaillahu wallahu akbar, Allahu akbar wa lillah ilham,segala puji bagi Allah semesta alam, Segala puji bagi MU ya ROBB yang memberikan nikmat iman dan islam.

 Alhamdulillah sebulan lamanya telah kita lalui untuk menjalankan ibadah puasa. Dan di hari yang fitri ini tips blogger dan computer mengucapkan minal aidin wal faizin mohon maaf lahir dan batin. Mohon di maafkan ya sob atas semua khilaf.

SELAMAT HARI RAYA IDUL FITRI  SYAWAL 1432 H

minal aidin wal faizin

 

 

Kesehatan Reproduksi

Kesehatan Reproduksi adalah hal yang sangat penting untuk di jaga baik pria maupun wanita. Terdapat
banyak faktor eksternal maupun internal yang bisa mempengaruhi kesehatan
reproduksi. Kesehatan reproduksi pria maupun wanita yang baik punya hubungan
langsung dengan status kesehatan tubuh secara keseluruhan. Kesehatan
reproduksi yang baik memiliki keterkaitan dengan sel telur serta sperma

Health Care Revolving Door Roundup

Increasingly, the regulatory and law enforcement functions of the US government in the health care sphere seem to be blending with the management of large health care organizations.  One mechanism for this is the "revolving door," the constant interchange of personnel between government agencies and corporate management. 


Here is a list of some of this year's interesting cases of people transiting the revolving door between US government agencies that are supposed to regulate health care organizations or enforce the relevant laws and the organizations subject to these regulations and laws.   Note that this list may not be complete.  It is difficult to keep track of these transitions. 

Leader of Health Care Fraud Section of Philadelphia US Attorney's Office to Teva Pharmaceuticals

Via MainJustice.org in March, 2013,

John Pease, who led the government and health care fraud section in the U.S. Attorney's Office in Philadelphia, has left the Justice Department for a job with a pharmaceutical company.

Pease, 45, is a new senior counsel at Teva Pharmaceuticals, where he oversees government investigations of the company for the Americas.  'I was just ready to try something different,' Pease said in an interview.

 Leader of US Department of Justice Fraud Section in Charge of Health Care Issues to Law Firm as Defender of Companies and Senior Executives

The initial notice again was via MainJustice.org in March, 2013

Sam Sheldon, the deputy chief in the Criminal Division's Fraud Section who oversaw health care fraud prosecutions, is leaving the Justice Department to join Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan LLP.

Mr Sheldon's new job was made clear on the firm's website,

Sam Sheldon is head of the firm’s Health Care Practice Group.  He is a trial lawyer who represents companies and senior executives in litigation before the United States federal government including Department of Justice and Department of Health and Human Services, and other law enforcement and regulatory agencies.

FDA Deputy Commissioner for Global Regulatory Operations and Policy to Mylan

This story, in April, actually made it (briefly) to Reuters,

 Generic drugmaker Mylan Inc said on Tuesday it hired Deborah Autor, deputy commissioner for global regulatory operations and policy at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, to help oversee its global regulatory strategy.

Leader of Health Care Fraud Enforcement of Philadelphia US Attorney's Office to Law Firm as Industry Defender

From Bloomberg, in August, 2013,

Marilyn May, a False Claims Act litigator at the U.S. Justice Department, joined Arnold & Porter LLP’s Washington office as litigation counsel with a focus on healthcare, pharmaceutical and medical device industry defense work. 

May was the head of healthcare fraud enforcement in the U.S. Attorney’s Office in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. She coordinated healthcare fraud cases and investigations as well as handled False Claims Act cases involving pharmaceutical and medical device companies, hospitals, nursing homes and other healthcare providers, the firm said. 

The law firm's website states,

 Her litigation practice focuses on pharmaceutical, medical device and healthcare defense matters.

Summary

In each of these cases, a person with responsibility for regulation of and/or law enforcement for health care organizations went through the revolving door to either work for health care corporations subject to such regulation and/or law enforcement, or work for legal firms that specialize in defending such corporations and their leaders in regulatory and law enforcement actions.

As far as I know, none of these instances was the least bit illegal.  However, like previous examples of the revolving door, they raise the concern that people in government regulation or law enforcement who think that they may have future lucrative job prospects helping health care organizations attenuate regulation and law enforcement may not be the most enthusiastic, aggressive, or persistent regulators or law enforcers.  Why would one want to upset one's future employer?

While these cases of the revolving door are legal, they are clearly conflicts of interest in the sense that the prospect of such future employment likely may increase the risk of compromising a government official's devotion to serving the public and enforcing the law, if not in the legal sense.  In some particular case, the revolving door may actually lead to corruption according to the Transparency International definition, abuse of entrusted power for private gain, if not according to the legal definition.  Thus the continuing occurrence of government officials blithely transiting the revolving door no doubt was a reason that more than 40% of the public consider the US health care sector to be corrupt (see this post.)

True health care reform would require curtailing the severe sorts of conflicts of interest created by the revolving door.  This might require both improving pay and working conditions for government regulators and law enforcers, and specific laws to prevent immediate transitions from being a regulator/ law enforcer to handling corporate responses to or defenses of such regulation and enforcement.

Of course, I can already hear the protests of those people who decry paying more for government or increasing government regulation.  I can at least hope that the protests are not from those who personally profit from the current seemingly corrupt system.  

3 HABITS FOR HEALTHY FAMILIES

WELLNESS WEDNESDAYS

“It is extraordinarily difficult to fight the headwinds of our society that has promoted obesity in our children.  We have a lot to do to truly tackle this epidemic.”  

                                   --Lawrence J. Cheskin, M.D., F.A.C.P.

Here are some questions to ask yourself:  Where do I buy food?  How much of my weekly food expenses are spent on vegetables, fruits, and whole grains?  How much am I spending on prepared foods that come in boxes?  Is my child getting a healthy meal at school?  How many hours of “screen time” is my child having on average every day?  How often do my child and I exercise together?

We’ve all heard this phrase:  “It takes a village to raise a child.”  I like to say, “It takes an educated village to raise a healthy child.”  Children deserve access to foods that will help them maintain healthy weights.  Children deserve to be surrounded by informed adults who will provide guidance and love to help shape children and youth into healthy and happy adults. 

Improving health literacy of adults is a big part of what we are doing in the Growing Healthy Kids movement to reduce, halt, and prevent childhood obesity.  As Dr. Cheskin said, we have a lot to do to tackle the childhood obesity epidemic in light of all the added sugar, fats, and salts found in packaged foods and the pharmaceutical industry looking to profit from overweight and obese adults and kids who develop high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes as a result. Here are three habits which can position your family for better health:

HABIT ONE.  Keep a log for 3 days of how much time your child – and you - are spending on “screen time” a day.   Include TV time, computer time, and texting time.  Use the logs to determine if your child is spending too much time watching TV and playing computer games and not enough time outside playing.  How much screen time is too much for children?  Current recommendations from American Academy of Pediatrics are to limit screen time to no more than 1 to 2 hours of quality programming a day. By comparison, a 1999 study found that children spent an average of 6 hours and 32 minutes a day in front of a screen. Click here to read the full statement from American Academy of Pediatrics.

HABIT TWO.  Rate your plate.  Half of your dinner plate should be veggies.  To be able to have fresh vegetables every week, find out what is in season and what your local farmers are growing.  Veggies at the height of their growing season can be bought for the best price.  Click here to find a local farmer near you.

HABIT THREE.  Cut your sugar consumption in half.  Sugar contains what we call “empty calories” – calories with no nutritional value.  Start with sodas and fruit juice.  At the Growing Healthy Kids program, we teach kids two rules:  “Drink water not soda” and “Eat fresh fruit.”  Soda is loaded with sugar.  Become a nutrition detective:  divide the grams of sugar per serving by 4.  The result is the number of teaspoons of sugar one serving contains.  A typical carton of flavored milk served in public schools contains about 7 added teaspoons of sugar.  Start the new school year off right and find out what your kids will be drinking at school by scheduling to have lunch with them at least once a month. 

Kids love to grate the zucchini and carrots!

Zucchini patties with fresh cilatro

As promised to our readers several weeks ago, here is the debut of our newest addition to the Growing Healthy Kids Recipe Collection, featuring zucchini, a great vegetable that is abundant this time of year and easy on the family food budget. These store well for a day or two and make a great healthy lunchbox item!

GROWING HEALTHY KIDS:  Our Recipe Collection

Zucchini Patties

IN A MEDIUM BOWL, place:

• ·  2 cups grated zucchini (about 1 large or 2 medium)
• ·  ½ cup onion, shredded
• ·  1 small carrot, grated finely
• ·  1/2 cup potato flour (I like Bob's Red Mill brand)
• ·  1 teaspoon baking powder
• ·  ½ teaspoon sea salt
• ·  ½ teaspoon pepper
• ·  1 teaspoon Italian seasoning (optional)
• ·  1/3 cup Braggs Nutritional Yeast (or substitute grated Parmesan cheese) (optional)

IN ANOTHER BOWL, whip until they “hold a peak”:

• ·  2 egg whites

FOLD egg whites into zucchini mixture and gently mix well. 

Add a little more flour if mixture is too wet.

MIX in a shallow plate or small bowl:

• ·  1 cup panko bread crumbs
• ·  2 Tablespoons smoked paprika

USING a measuring cup (1/4 cup), scoop batter and roll into balls.  Roll lightly in panko and flatten to about ½ inch.  

Fry on griddle, using spray oil.  Patties should be about 3” in diameter. 

  

COOK for about 5 minutes, then flip and cook about 3 more 

minutes.

SERVE with a spoon of fat-free sour cream, salsa, and 

chopped cilantro or flat leaf parsley.  

Hope you enjoy putting these 3 habits to work for your family’s health.  Enjoy the remaining few days and weeks of summer vacation before the kids return to school!  

In gratitude,

Nancy Heinrich

Founder, Growing Healthy Kids, Inc.

Daily Blog #45: Understanding the artifacts: User Assist

Hello Reader,
              Turns out Gmail is very complicated so I need more time to parse through the javascript and css to find the right code that is rendering the array of emails to view-able text. If you've already done this feel free to leave me a note in the comments below or via email dcowen@g-cpartners.com. So to buy myself some time I am going to fill in with a blog series I plan to interject through the year called 'Understanding the artifacts'.

If you remember from the the milestone series I talked about the importance of understanding now only what an artifact means but why its created, in these posts I will go into detail on what I understand the original intent of these data structures are. If you understand why a developer create an artifact that you rely on you can better predict not only what data should be stored in it but what other artifacts may exist.

This post will focus on the 'User Assist' artifact. There are alot of good posts that explain how to interpret the User Assist registry keys, such as http://windowsir.blogspot.com/2007/09/more-on-userassist-keys.html. http://www.4n6k.com/2013/05/userassist-forensics-timelines.html,  http://sploited.blogspot.com/2012/12/sans-forensshic-artifact-6-userassist.html,  http://forensicsfromthesausagefactory.blogspot.com/2010/05/prefetch-and-user-assist.html and http://forensicartifacts.com/2010/07/userassist/ are just a few examples of the dearth of information available on what it contains, how to parse it and how to interpret it. What most posts fail to address is why is it there at all?

Most times when someone first gets introduced to digital forensics their first thought is 'my computer is spying on me!'. This may seem to be true but the facts are much more simple, the developers who created the operating system and applications you rely on want to give you the best experience possible. In trying to create a good experience they want to make it easy for you to access the documents and programs you use the most.

The User Assist key was created to fulfill one purpose, to populate the start menu list of recently executed programs so you can quickly load them again. This is why it tracks the last time of execution, the full path to the executable and the amount of times the program has been executed. All so when you click on the start button a dynamically sorted list can show the approximately 15 (excluding the possibility the user pinned an application) programs that the user executes most frequently.

In order to be more efficient the developer decided not to limit the amount of entries that could be stored in the User Assist key as you don't want false statistics if a program drops off for a couple months and then gets frequent usage again. For instance the user went on vacation and started playing games daily and not executed Microsoft Word when the user goes back to work the start menu would only display games and not his work tools if the developer limited the number of entries rather than just storing all of them and shorting by number of executions and time of last execution.

This is also why there are two sets of registry keys for User Assist one for program execution and the other for shortcut execution as they are displayed at different points to the user.

Joachim Metz points out there can be more than two though:

" There can be more than 2. I've seen at least 3 different UserAssist subkeys on XP and Vista, and about 8 different ones on Win 8."

Each separate subkey should be divided by purpose, it will be interesting to see for Windows 8 what they are.

So what can we learn from this?

1. We can debunk the idea that something is 'spying' on the user
2. We can explain to clear terms why an artifact is created to a judge and jury
3. We can explain that these artifacts exist by default and have to exist unless disabled and the functionality disabling it removes
4. We can predict what data should be contained within it

I'll see if I can get my code review done this evening and continue the Web 2.0 forensics series tomorrow.

Robb Wolf: On Fruit

Fruity? 

Notice that I did not mention fruit. Most folks are battling some kind of metabolic derangement, aka obesity, diabetes, fertility issues, depression, etc. This with a mixed bag of autoimmunity and systemic inflammation. Until you are lean and healthy, you don’t get much fruit. There is no nutrient in fruit that is not available in veggies, and fruit may have too many carbs for you. When we start talking about what constitutes “health,” we will see where on that spectrum you are. For now, just keep things simple and you will reap the greatest rewards.  

~ Robb Wolf, p. 214 The Paleo Solution

Read more »

Today's Bad Health IT Systems: More Dangerous Than Paper?

I believe in 2013 that they are.

(Definition of bad health IT is here:  http://www.ischool.drexel.edu/faculty/ssilverstein/cases/)

I recently posted about two "glitches" in a major EHR seller's clinical systems, Siemens Healthcare, affecting safety-critical functions of medication reconciliation and medication ordering.

• Another Health IT "Glitch" - Can Digital Disappearing Ink Kill Patients?

• Can Digital Disappearing Ink (An EHR "Glitch") Kill Patients? Part 2

Considering these, plus the many "glitches" reported by the only EHR seller who does so via FDA's MAUDE database (see here: http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/01/maude-and-hit-risk-mother-mary-what-in.html), and the others posted at this blog at query link: http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/search/label/glitch, the following issue needs serious consideration by policymakers.

Namely, the issue that enterprise electronic medical command-and-control systems, which today's "EHRs" in reality are, are on their face more risk-prone than the paper systems they are replacing.

The "glitches" reported above are clearly the tip of the iceberg due to industry norms of secrecy, the absence of most of the industry in reporting to FDA MAUDE or anywhere, and my limited sources of information.  It is likely the true level of "glitches" in live EHR/clinical IT installations is far, far higher  - conservatively, I believe, at least two orders of magnitude.

Workarounds to IT "glitches" such as recommended in the Siemens bulletins at the aforementioned posts cause hospital officials to have to  reliably get the notices to all users of the systems, including medical students, nurses, physicians and allied health professionals.

The workarounds also cause users to:

1)  have to deviate from habits of use acquired in training and active use of the systems in question;
2) remember, without fail, to deviate from habits of use acquired in training and active use of the systems in question, in effect giving them the responsibility of caring for sick patients and for "sick" information technology;
3) keep in mind any other extant workarounds that exist waiting for "fixes"; and
4) be constantly on guard for information storage failures.

In fact, the recent Siemens "glitches" and workarounds represent a clear danger to patient safety.  If these were more conventional medical devices, they'd be recalled.

See my Dec. 14, 2011 post "FDA Recalls Draeger Health IT Device Because This Product May Cause Serious Adverse Health Consequences, Including Death" (http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/12/fda-recalls-health-it-software-because.html) and July 23, 2012 post "Health IT FDA Recall: Philips Xcelera Connect - Incomplete Information Arriving From Other Systems"(http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2012/07/health-it-fda-recall-philips-xcelera.html) for examples where health IT defects similar to the Siemens issues were, in fact, recalled.

Further, with paper records or tangible images, a page or image can be lost, or it can be illegible.  In the case of lost, in any quality paper record keeping system the information stewards or others using the paper (e.g., office staff or ward clerks) will generally note the absence and act accordingly.  Further, illegible notes or orders will most often be recognized as illegible and result in attempted clarification or other corrective actions.

On the other hand, when electronic systems:

1)  lose modified information en masse as in the Siemens examples but keep the old, or
2)  when outright errors such as en masse truncation occur (as in the thousands of prescriptions whose long-acting suffixes were cut off at Lifespan in Rhode Island, see "Yet another health IT "glitch" affecting thousands" here: http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2011/11/lifespan-rhode-island-yet-another.html), or
3)  images are lost (see "Potential Image Loss in GE Centricity PACS" here:  http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2012/11/potential-image-loss-in-ge-centricity.html) without warning-

- There are no "flags" that the obsolete, truncated or missing information is erroneous.

What remains is perfectly legible, perfectly convincing and perfectly deceiving.

Electronic healthcare information systems on their face create more risk than paper record systems.  Further, the problem with "bugs" and "glitches" will not go away with today's industry models of "hiring down" and lack of regulation.  Every new upgrade or patch is suspect for introducing new bugs.

Paper does not suffer these issues, unless disappearing ink is used to cross out the old and add new information ...

Not that I am advocating for a return to 100% paper, but certain critical functions probably are best left to paper.  Further, hundreds of billions of dollars can certainly buy:

1)  a lot of Health Information Management professionals to perform continuous QA of paper,
2)  a lot of document imaging systems to make the paper records available anywhere, anytime they are needed, and
3)  a lot of data entry personnel to relieve clinicians of clerical burdens so they may use their valuable experience more productively, as guest poster Howard Brody points out at http://hcrenewal.blogspot.com/2013/07/guest-post-incompetent-management.html.
4)  a lot of sensible regulation of this industry's product quality.

-- SS

Masjid-masjid dan makam unik yang terbuat dari Lumpur

Di Mali pada zaman dahulu, masyarakat membangun sebuah bangunan dengan bahan dasar lumpur, beberapa masih bertahan sampai sekarang seperti yang berikut ini...

1. Masjid Raya Djenne

     Bangunan dari lumpur terbesar di dunia dan dianggap oleh banyak arsitek sebagai gaya arsitektur Sudano-Sahelian terbaik. Masjid ini terletak di kota Djenné, Mali, di dekat Sungai Bani. Masjid pertama di tempat ini dibangun pada abad ke-13. Selain merupakan pusat komunitas Djenné, kota ini juga merupakan lambang terkenal Afrika. Bersama dengan "Kota Kuna Djenné", tempat ini menjadi Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO pada tahun 1988.

2. Masjid Sankore

flickr.com

     Sankore merupakan pusat pembelajaran tertua yang terletak di Timbuktu, Mali,Afrika Barat. Pada tahun 1300, wanita Tuareg lokal mendanai pembangunan masjid Sankore. Dibawah kekuasaan Mandinka, masjid ini menarik pembelajar dari seluruh dunia Muslim.

3. Masjid Djinguereber

     Masjid ini dibangun pada 1327 saat pemerintahan Raja Musa I dari Kerajaan Islam Mali. Masjid ini terbuat dari lumpur, kayu, dan juga ranting-ranting. Masjid dengan 2 menara unik inii didalamnya terdapat 3 ruangan yang mampu menampung 2000 jamaah.

4. Makam Askia Mohammad I

Terletak di Gao, Mali dan merupakan Makan dari Raja Aski Mohammad I yang merupakan salah satu raja dari Kerajaan Songhai di Mali. Makam ini dibuat pada akhir abad ke 15 dan termasuk kedalam situs warisan dunia UNESCO.

5. Masjid Sidi Yahya

     Adalah Masjid dan madrasah yang terletak di Timbuktu, Mali. Masjid ini selesai dibangun pada tahun 1440. Madrasah Sidi Yahya bersama dengan Masjid Djinguereber dan Madrasah Sankore membentuk Universitas Timbuktu yang sangat terkenal.

6. Masjid Raya Mopti

http://www.travelblog.org

     Satu lagi ni masjid lumpur dari mali, mopti namanya. Masjid ini juga disebut Masjid Komoguel terletak di provinsi Mopti, Mali. Seperti bangunan-bangunan lainya, ia juga termasuk dalam situs warisan dunia UNESCO.

Sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/

Mainan Anak Bayi

Mainan Anak Bayi
merupakan salah satu bentuk stimulasi untuk anak bayi.
Memberikan mainan yang tepat pada anak bayi akan membantu untuk
memaksimalkan rangsangan pada
kecerdasan anak. Namun sayangnya, tak banyak orang tua yang menyadari
terhadap bagaimana cara memilih mainan yang tepat untuk anak bayinya.
dr.Atilla Dewanti Sp.A(K), Dokter spesialis anak, menyatakan kalau
pemilihan mainan

11 Spesies Burung yang telah Punah

1. Dodo

Punah Pada = Akhir abad ke-17

Habitat Asli = Pulau Mauritius di tengah Samudera Hindia

Penyebab Punah

     Dodo adalah burung yang tidak takut pada manusia, dan ditambah ketidakmampuannya untuk terbang, membuatnya menjadi mangsa yang mudah ditangkap. Manusia pertama yang mendatangi Mauritius membawa binatang baru, seperti anjing, babi, kucing, tikus, dan kera pemakan kepiting yang menghancurkan sarang dodo, sementara manusia menghancurkan hutan tempat dodo tinggal. Kini, dampak dari binatang-binatang itu terutama babi dan kera pada kepunahan dodo dianggap lebih berpengaruh dibanding pengaruh dari perburuan.

2. Elang Haast

collections.tepapa.govt.nz

Punah Pada = Abad ke-19

Habitat Asli = Pulau Selatan, Selandia Baru

Penyebab Punah 

     Burung ini juga dikenal sebagai Elang Harpagornis yang merupakan elang terbesar yang pernah hidup .Awal pendudukan manusia di Selandia Baru (Suku Māori tiba sekitar 1,000 tahun lalu) yang memangsa dengan kasar pada burung besar yang tidak dapat terbang inidengan cepat membawa mereka menuju kepunahan. Hal ini menyebabkan Elang haast punah sekitar 1500 ketika sumber makanan terakhirnya berkurang.

3. Emu Tasmania

extinct-website.com

Punah Pada = Pertengahan Abad ke-19

Habitat Asli = Pulau Tasmania, Australia

     Burung ini ditemukan di Tasmania dimana binatang ini terisolasi selama Pleistocene Akhir. Saat ini, emu tasmania hanya diketahui dari tulang subfosil, belum diketahui mengapa ia bisa punah.

4. Merpati Penumpang

http://www.pawsforwildlife.co.uk

Punah Pada = Abad ke-19

Habitat Asli = Amerika Serikat

Penyebab Punah

     Berkurangnya populasinya disebabkan oleh hilangnya habitat ketika orang Eropa mulai memasuki daerah dalam. Namun, akibat utama kepunahannya adalah ketika daging merpati dikomersialisasikan sebagai makanan murah untuk budak dan orang miskin pada abad ke-19, menyebabkan perburuan besar-besaran. "Martha" diketahui sebagai merpati penumpang terakhir di dunia yang meninggal pada tanggal 1 September 1914 di Cincinnati, Ohio.

5. Pelatuk Raja

Punah Pada = Tahun 1950-an

Habitat Asli = Meksiko

     Jika binatang ini tidak punah, binatang ini merupakan spesies burung pelatuk terbesar di dunia. Burung ini pernah tersebar secara luas dan, sampai awal tahun 1950-an, jarang dijumpai di seluruh Sierra Madre Barat, Meksiko, dari barat Sonora dan Chihuahua menuju ke selatan sampai Jalisco dan Michoacan.

6. Parkit Carolina

Punah Pada = Tahun 1904

Habitat Asli = Amerika Serikat bagian timur

Penyebab Punah

     Parkit carolina punah karena banyaknya ancaman terhadap spesiesnya. Untuk membuat area pertanian, area luas di hutan ditebangi, membuat habitatnya semakin terbatas. Bulu-bulunya yang beraneka warna sering digunakan sebagai bahan dekorasi topi wanita, dan burung ini juga sering dijadikan sebagai binatang peliharaan. Burung-burung ini sangat mudah ditangkap, dan sedikit yang dibiakkan para pemiliknya. Akhirnya, mereka mati dalam jumlah besar karena para petani menganggap mereka sebagai hama.

     Faktor lain yang mendorong kepunahannya adalah kebodohan yang membuatnya selalu kembali ke lokasi dimana beberapa burung baru saja dibunuh. Hal ini mendorong lebih tinggi terjadinya penembakan oleh pemburu ketika mereka sedang mengumpulkan sekawanan burung yang mati dan terluka.

7. Moa Raksasa

Punah Pada = 1500

Habitat Asli = Selandia Baru

Penyebab Punah

     Moa merupakan salah satu burung terbesar yang pernah hidup. Seperti jenis lainya,ia dihabisi oleh koloni manusia yang memburunya untuk makanan. Semua taxa pada genus ini punah pada tahun 1500 di Selandia Baru.

8. Mandar Merah

leesbird.com

Punah Pada = Sekitar tahun 1700

Habitat Asli = Pulau Mauritius di tengah Samudera Hindia

Penyebab Punah

     Mandar ini diburu hingga punah di abad setelah penemuannya. Dodo yang dikatakan kurang enak, biasanya dibunuh karena rasa ingin tahu atau kebosanan, namun mandar merah merupakan burung mainan yang sangat terkenal di kalangan penduduk Belanda dan Perancis. Sementara burung ini dapat melarikan diri dengan baik saat dikejar, burung ini juga mudah sekali terpikat dengan menunjukkan kain merah pada burung, yang kemudian akan diserangnya.

9. Grebe Alaotra

outrapolitica.wordpress.com

Punah Pada = 2010

Habitat Asli = Danau Alaotra di Madagaskar

Penyebab Punah

     Spesies ini terakhir terlihat pada tahun 1985 dan dikonfirmasi punah pada tahun 2010, meskipun semua wilayah habitat yang tersisa belum dicari secara menyeluruh. Spesies ini secara resmi dinyatakan punah pada tahun 2010, setelah terakhir terlihat pada tahun 1985. Walaupun beberapa spesies telah diklasifikasi sebagai punah dan selanjutnya dikonfirmasi belum punah, Leon Bennun, direktur organisasi konservasi BirdLife International menyatakan bahwa "tidak ada harapan yang tersisa bagi spesies ini," dan menyalahkan "konsekuensi yang tidak terduga" dari perbuatan manusia.

10. Pinguin Waitaha

Tulang dari Pinguin Waitaha yang ditemukan (klimanaturali.org)

Punah Pada = antara tahun 1300-1500

Habitat Asli = Selandia Baru

Penyebab Punah

     Pinguin ini ialah spesies pinguin di Selandia Baru yang telah punah yang ditemukan pada bulan November 2008. Karena suku Māori yang merupakan suku asli Selandia Baru tidak punya catatan atas spesies berbeda ini, diperkirakan hewan ini telah punah antara tahun 1300-1500, segera setelah permukiman bangsa Polinesia di Selandia Baru.

11. Pelatuk-Paruh Gading

Punah Pada = Akhir abad ke-20

Habitat Asli = Amerika Serikat bagian selatan

     Burung ini secara resmi didaftarkan sebagai spesies terancam, namun pada akhir abad ke-20 telah ditetapkan secara luas sebagai spesies yang telah punah. Sebuah laporan menyatakan ditemukannya spesies jantan di Arkansas pada tahun 2004 dan 2005 dilaporkan oleh sebuah regu dari Laboratorium Ornitologi Cornell pada April 2005. Jika benar, hal ini akan menjadikan Pelatuk paruh gading menjadi sebuah spesies lazarus, suatu spesies hidup yang ditemukan kembali setelah ditetapkan punah selama beberapa waktu.

Sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/