i kind of think this is pretty perfect....i adore the layered jewelry w/ a hint of turquoise and i need that china....hope y'all had a fabulous memorial weekend.  we just rolled into town and my house is a disaster so i am pulling myself off of the computer so i can unpack (it's real hard though)!

*images courtesy of ruffles and pleats, the pie and the apron life, suziebee 

What's the deal with workshops?

One of my students recently asked me about workshops: what are they, how are they different from conferences, and is it a worth attending them?

When it comes to workshops there is huge variation across and within CS subfields, but I'll try to answer generally.

Scale

One might define workshops as conferences on a smaller scale. They usually last anywhere from half a day to several days. They are usually single-track (i.e., only one thing is happening at a time).

Location

Workshops are typically co-located with another event, such as a conference or the anniversary of Alan Turing's 33rd birthday. Sometimes they stand alone. Sometimes they are co-located with a bunch of other workshops. 

Format

Workshops are usually more interactive than conferences in that they tend to foster longer and more in-depth periods of discussion. Sometimes this means discussion so intellectually stimulating you lose track of time, sometimes this means it's 6:30pm and you're starving and angry at the organizers for not telling Dr. Loquacious it's dinner time.

Also, workshops are usually less formal and more relaxed than conferences.

Acceptance Rate

It is usually easier to get a paper into a workshop than a major CS conference, but this is not always true. I was talking to a friend in a subfield that has a "workshop" which is the top venue in his field - it has an acceptance rate of less than 17%. 

If it's a workshop in a very niche area, like Green Non-Embedded Ducks, chances are your paper will be accepted so long as you can sneeze some words in the general theme area.

Social Events

Sometimes workshops have pre- or post- workshop meals and/or social activities associated with them. These events are generally informal, and in my observation usually organized at the last minute. "Hey, anyone wanna get some food?"

When you plan your travel to workshops, try to leave some time free a few hours after the workshop (or the night before). Social events are great networking opportunities, just like at conferences.

People: Organizers / Program Committee (PC)

I usually only go to workshops that are either: organized by people I've heard of, have people I've heard on on the PC, or are co-located with a conference I wanted to attend anyway. If none of these things are true, then I usually have to have a long think about whether it's worth attending. Sometimes if I'm foraying into a new discipline and the workshop isn't too far away or too expensive, I'll take the chance.

People: Attendees

It's generally a mix. Some workshops I've gone to it's nearly all graduate students. Others it's nearly all mid to senior academics. It really varies. Workshops that are organized by people from industry or government tend to draw a different crowd as well.

Proceedings / Outcomes

The best workshops combine fantastic workshop-y goodness and publish your paper in the ACM Digital Library or IEEExplore. Or, the organizers have actually applied for and received approval for a journal special issue.

This is not always the case, though. Sometimes your paper doesn't actually go anywhere, sometimes organizers promise ACM or IEEE or special issue journal publications and it never happens. Sometimes they just grab your paper and plunk it up on a website.

Other outcomes include websites and wikis (usually promised, though some organizers follow through), as well as a poster that is presented at the main conference. In my experience this poster is a strange thing, and seems to happen at the end of a 13 hour day when you're still hungry and Dr. Loquacious is still whinging, except this time while holding PostIt notes and markers.

Why should you go?

- Workshops are a great place to meet people pre-conference if they happen before the conference begins. This is especially true if you're attending a conference where you don't know anyone. The further you get in your career the more rare this will be, but in your first few years of conference-going, workshops are very helpful.

- Sometimes super-huge people attend workshops, and you get the chance to rub elbows with them all day long. I once got to spend a day with my idol this way.

- From an academic perspective, workshops are a great place to float half-baked ideas.

- Finally, because the acceptance rate is usually higher at workshops co-located with conferences, it's a great excuse to go. Fantastic back-up plan.

Why should you not go?

- From a paper publication standpoint, sometimes workshops are more trouble than they're worth. If they haven't planned for proper proceedings (e.g., ACM Digital Library/IEEExplore / Springer LNCS), your paper might not "count" as much from a career perspective as it would if it were properly published. On the other hand, for really early work this can be a boon because you can get feedback on your work, improve it, and then publish it in something good later.

- Some workshops promise a journal special issue or book but this doesn't actually ever come to fruition. You can usually tell based on the track record of the organizers. I know some organizers who are super on top of such things and really do pull together journal special issues, books, etc., and I know others that always promise but never deliver. So view this as a nice bonus, but don't bank on it.

- It's hard to predict what kind of experience you'll have at a workshop compared to a well-established conference. Some organizers are great and some are awful. (Academic skillz does not necessarily translate into good workshop organizing skillz).

Bottom Line

In my experience, if you have the funding and time to attend, and you think you'll enjoy yourself and learn something, it's worth attending workshops - especially ones co-located with top conferences. You'll usually learn something, and if you don't learn something you'll at least meet interesting people. Some of my Research BFFs I met at wokshops, and we're still working together to this day.

TOP TIPS FOR SIGNING YOUR FIRST PROFESSIONAL CONTRACT

We come across lots of up and coming sports talents looking for advice about signing contracts.

Christian Edwards, Partner and Sports Law expert at JCP Solicitors, a leading law firm based in Swansea, gives Sport Wales a few insights into what an up and coming sportsperson should be aware of when signing on the dotted line...

Many professional sports contracts are based on certain standard terms set down by governing bodies which are generally non-negotiable and which set out basic and essential terms. However the important personal elements tend to be the schedule to the agreement. This is likely to be extensive and its purpose is to deal with those detailed terms which are personal to the individual. 

Understandably parents often accompany their young son or daughter when signing their first contract. It is common these days that sports persons are signed up by agents as soon as possible and therefore every sports person or parent should always be asking questions about the following:

• Insurance – Make sure you are protected!   Ask about what level of cover is provided by your club or organisation.  Does the governing body offer cover?  A sport career could be brought to an abrupt end through injury. And always consider personal cover. After all, you need to be covered by loss of earnings etc. if the worse should happen.

• Salary- Do you know what the market rate is? Salary level obviously depends on circumstances such as the size of the organisation, individual honours and market rate.

• Pay Reviews/Bonuses- Make sure adequate provisions are provided for pay reviews based on achievements/performance/international honours etc and look at terms on bonuses, and signing on fees. It is also important to consider whether there are tax implications.

• Termination Rights- Do you or the club/organization have the option to terminate and if so on which conditions? For example do you have the right to leave if your club gets relegated? You need to make sure the terms are not too favourable to your club, although usually for young sports persons, the bargaining power is not too strong.

• Commercial Rights- Consider personal appearances, endorsements, and image rights- do you get a share or commission? It is important to recognise your future value in terms of merchandising and promotions. 

• Personal Sponsorship- Can you enter into your own deals? Do you have to use/wear kit provided by club/club sponsor and so on.  Beware of any potential conflicts!

• Additional Benefits – Do you/should you have additional benefits? For example will your club or organisation provide accommodation if you are away from home? And what other additional benefits would be suitable to your sport?

• Agents - Do you need one? Many regulatory bodies have standard form agency agreements so check that your agent’s agreement is compliant. How is your agent to be paid and for what services?

You do not necessarily need an agent in order to sign your first contract, but advice from a specialist solicitor is advisable. Be aware that litigation action against unfair contracts is a costly business, so getting it right at the onset will pay dividends to your career in the future.  But most important of all…..make sure you enjoy the experience.

Wishing you future success in your sporting endeavours!

For more information please contact Christian Edwards for an informal discussion on 01792 773 773 or email christian.edwards@jcpsolicitors.co.uk

And so it begins*

Remember I blogged a few months ago about RSA getting hacked? We are now seeing the first major repercussions of this - Lockheed Martin's attack last week is assumed to be due to this.

According to AP, "Lockheed Martin said in a statement that it detected the May 21 attack 'almost immediately' and took countermeasures. As a result, 'our systems remain secure; no customer, program or employee personal data has been compromised.'"

Color me unconvinced.

To be honest, I'm really shocked RSA didn't do a massive recall of all its fobs after it was attacked. It was negligent not to.

(*) There's your B5 reference, Scott!

we have a 30 day stretch that is absolutely crazy...warren and i look at each other and say "what were we thinking"...starting may 15th it begins...it goes anniversary, taylor's b'day, my b'day, and then walker's...and also packed in there is mother's day and father's day....and this year we added a dance recital.  so if i have been a little off it's b/c i have been going....and we still have 2 weeks to go.
taylor begged me to make this louis cake from the princess and the frog for her b'day....well, i think you can tell from the picture, i am no baker!!  bless his heart....it's the thought that counts, right??!!  i hope y'all have a fabulous memorial weekend!!

Letting papers go

Awhile back, a colleague and I wrote a paper and submitted it to a journal. The first round of reviews came back, and one reviewer told us our work was fatally flawed.

We went through a few rounds of back-and-forth with the editor, all the while repeating that Reviewer #7* was mistaken because of such-and-such reason.

Recently my colleague and I were examining our resubmission. My colleague drew a picture to clarify something, and I stopped dead in my tracks. "Holy crap, Colleague. Reviewer #7 is right! Our entire paper is irrevocably flawed."

We went though the data, checked a few things, and sure enough - fatal flaw. I'm not sure how I missed it the first time, I guess because I was not the first author and busy doing other things when we first submitted it.

So - 30 page paper goes in the trash. Clunk!

Now you might say, "But wait! Why can't you just fix that broken part? Write a big disclaimer within a limitations section?"

I can't fix it because it's wrong. The entire concept of the paper is flawed. Even with a disclaimer it would be disingenuous to publish this at all.

So I let it go. I'm not too sad, though. We actually re-designed how we'd do things to avoid this flaw in the future, and I am sure our next paper will be super fantastic when we write it. And in any case, there are always more great ideas out there.

----
(*) Not the Reviewer's actual number. 

Kit Heath's New Retail Furniture!

Kit Heath Roll Out Stunning Retail Furniture!

Kit Heath is rolling out a stunning range of Retail Furniture and in little over 2 months has secured ten store locations and has significant interest from many other retailers.

The Kit Heath in store retail concept has been created to deliver an unrivalled experience in jewellery presentation and communication.
As a further means to support the retailer the brand has created branded units designed to fit in an existing store space. 

With the ever increasing emphasis on the consumer "experience" and the "look and feel" of the high street retailers, the growth of expectations from programmes like Mary Queen of Shops, (now the backing from the government) it is foremost in the consumers mind set.
Kit Heath realise especially in these fragile times that to expect retailers to revamp an entire shop floor to suit our ideal brand presence to meet these growing demands is unrealistic.

However, we CAN assist the retailer to present our jewellery in the way in which we envision by creating these units that can be positioned easily and effortlessly in an existing store space with little excess cost to the retailer. 

We don't expect our retailers to do a store make over to suit our every launch (twice a year), but we will support the retailer by supplying the updated brand imagery which is produced to fit with in the existing units.

Visually stunning, the furniture features a striking glass wall unit and unique children’s jewellery rotating carousel, both designed to enhance any jewellery shop and to present your Kit Heath jewellery in the best possible way for your customers.

The furniture is manufactured to exacting standards in the UK by a North Devon team of jewellery shop fitters, featuring state of the art LED lighting, toughened glass for high visibility, and a wealth of additional features. Kit Heath Retail Furniture represents outstanding and exceptional quality and design.

Kit Heath’s Retail Furniture will be on display at IJL in September 2011

Further reading

Food Reward: a Dominant Factor in Obesity, Part IV

What is Food Reward?

After reading comments on my recent posts, I realized I need to do a better job of defining the term "food reward".  I'm going to take a moment to do that here.  Reward is a psychology term with a specific definition: "a process that reinforces behavior" (1).  Rewarding food is not the same thing as food that tastes good, although they often occur together. 

Read more »

i'm so excited that it is summer and tay is out of school for a little while.  i look forward to a more laid back day...hanging in our pj's a little longer is the best!!  now if someone would magically put a pool in our back yard it would be perfect!!

*images courtesy of because i'm addicted, lauren stern design, black eiffel, citified, pinterest

Why movie-playing software has a "repeat" button

Short shameful confession: I had more fun than I can possibly tell you when I drew that last comic. Not only is it fun to create comics visually, but Comic Life makes these adorable sound effects when you resize images, delete them, increase the font sizes, etc.

My readers who are software designers - you seriously need to make more programs have cute sound effects. Can you imagine how much more joyful it would for people when they made a database entry it said, "YEAH!" every time they hit 'commit', or "Vooooooop!" when they resized a column in Excel? Help a girl out, put the FUN back in functional!

Anywho, on to today's post topic, which occurred to me in the wee hours of the morning.

For the longest time, I couldn't understand why movie playing software had a "repeat" button. These days I barely have the attention span or time to sit through one movie, let alone the same movie several times. I thought, well, maybe it's for those always-on televisions in places like hospital waiting areas and electronics stores. The people that work there, forced to watch this same horrible movie repeatedly, are not going to want to get up every time the credits roll. Especially if it's playing on forty TVs.

But, still, that can't possibly explain the design decision for a repeat button.

No, it had to be something else...

Image Description: Top panel, alarm clock says 4:12. Next panel, bright-eyed kid says,
"Mommy, mommy, mommy, mommy!". Next panel, bleary-eyed mother. Next panel,
kid says, "Wakey WAKEY, Mommy!". Last panel, an iPad showing "Finding Nemo", with a
magic wand pointing to the repeat control with the words "Magic!"

I remember the first time I saw the magic. It was winter, and my son was at a party with a dozen small children. They were indoors and literally bouncing off the walls. After about an hour, another parent said, "How about a movie?" and all the hyper kids screamed, "YEAH!". He put the movie in. Snap - just like that - immediate silence. Stillness. They were transfixed for hours.

With great power comes great responsibility, speaking of comics. But ParentWars be damned, bright-eyed children at 5am qualifies as the fairest use of television ever conceived.

Wales will host the Celtic Tri Nations Championships for the first time this weekend. Swimmers from Wales, Scotland and Ireland will go head to head at Wales National Pool, Swansea.



Georgia Davies clinches bronze in Delhi



Catherine Shearer, Senior Sports Psychologist at Sport Wales, explains why the event will assist our next generation of swimmers on the road to the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.

·         Familiarity breeds confidence - the more accustomed an individual is when competing on ‘the big stage’, the more their confidence is enhanced

·         Major events can be stressful for athletes so if they can get as much experience as possible at performing under pressure, the better they will become at handling it!

Welsh swimmers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games - in the final minutes before racing

·         There are a number of distractions at events such as friends, family and the media which can disrupt optimal preparations. Events like this give swimmers the chance to practice at not letting these distractions get in the way of their performance. Instead, they can focus on delivering a good performance.

·         Competing at a high level also allows swimmers the opportunity to watch experienced and successful swimmers prepare for an event. Learning by example, they can feel more confident that they are doing the right things.

• Competing also gives the opportunity to put into practice the hard training they put in everyday

If you fancy going to the Celtic Tri Nations, you can buy tickets here

Why is Watson a 'he'?

So there was an article recently about how Watson was moving beyond jeopardy and going into medicine.

Throughout the article, Watson is referred to with male pronouns. Personally, I always refer to computers as, 'it'. To do otherwise is just feels strange to me. It would be like giving my lettuce gender. "My, he's very crispy tonight."

What I found even more strange about the article was how Watson was going to beat "his competitor", another diagnosis engine called Isabel. This machine is referred to with female pronouns, "...but Watson's trainers don't seem to see her as a threat; they say he's already faster and understands more medical terms."

Uh huh.

I've decided from this day forward all my future computers will be named "Pat". That'll learn 'em.

Healthy Skeptic Podcast

Chris Kresser has just posted our recent interview/discussion on his blog The Healthy Skeptic.  You can listen to it on Chris's blog here.  The discussion mostly centered around body fat and food reward.  I also answered a few reader questions.  Here are some highlights:

• How does the food reward system work? Why did it evolve?
• Why do certain flavors we don’t initially like become appealing over time?
• How does industrially processed food affect the food reward system?
• What’s the most effective diet used to make rats obese in a research setting? What does this tell us about human diet and weight regulation?
• Do we know why highly rewarding food increases the set point in some people but not in others?
• How does the food reward theory explain the effectiveness of popular fat loss diets?
• Does the food reward theory tell us anything about why traditional cultures are generally lean?
• What does cooking temperature have to do with health?
• Reader question: How does one lose fat?
• Reader question: What do I (Stephan) eat?
• Reader question: Why do many people gain fat with age, especially postmenopausal women?

The podcast is a sneak preview of some of the things I'll be discussing in the near future.  Enjoy!

i started working in design back in college.  i got a part time job (that eventually became a full time job) here.  at MDI i met the best group of girls.  there were 5 of us that worked together for years.  we had the best time....i miss those girlies...they taught me so much about interior design.  one of those girls was jenny keenan.  i remember returning from my honeymoon and jenny telling me she was going to take the leap and start her own firm.  i was so excited for her but secretly i wanted to cry b/c i would miss working w/ her.  well, the leap paid off b/c she is making her mark all over the charleston area.  you might also recognize her pics from Southern Living and BHG that featured her house.  she just emailed me saying she started a blog....and i think y'all should check it out!!  and how precious is that picture of her daughter lily?!!

*all images from jenny keenan interiors

What it feels like to be me

Today on Scientopia I write about what it feels like to be me.

(As an aside, I must admit I feel very uncomfortable labeling a post in this manner. There's something very teenage diary about it. But it seemed the most appropriate. If I titled it, "What it feels like to be a female computer scientist", it would be as though I were representing all female computer scientists... which would be extremely ironic considering the post's content!)

Fast Food, Weight Gain and Insulin Resistance

CarbSane just posted an interesting new study that fits in nicely with what we're discussing here.  It's part of the US Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, which is a long-term observational study that is publishing many interesting findings.  The new study is titled "Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis" (1).  The results speak for themselves, loud and clear (I've edited some numbers out of the quote for clarity):
Read more »

A Tryst by Typo

One of my email accounts is spelled in a very similar way to another person's, so sometimes I get their mail. We share a name. (Let's say it's "Ada").  

A few weeks ago, I got a letter that looked something like this:

Hey Dr. Ada,   

I know its prolly not appropriate to be writing this, but I cant wait to see u nekkid, covered in chocolate. 

Happy Easter,
Sam

My first thought was, "OMG! Did I have a student named Sam? What the heck?!?" Then I realized I was not the intended recipient and ignored it.

I got another email about a week later asking why I hadn't replied to the first one.  

Yesterday I received one about coordinating a morning "meeting", and that although we'd said 9:30, Sam would be ok with starting at 8 to "get things moving". Then today he sent an email describing some rather graphic details of what transpired. (These details are left as an exercise to the reader.)

I can't tell you how amused I am by all this. I keep debating how I might reply to Sam, or how I can contact the other Dr. Ada. I wonder if she's a PhD or an MD, and I wonder if Sam is her student. Then I wonder if he is her student and they are having a tryst, how on earth does she tolerate his egregious grammar and spelling errors?

In any case, I'm glad they're not using .edu addresses to conduct their rendezvous, as I'm pretty sure that's discoverable.

Kit Heath talk about the increase in silver price

Kit Heath talk about the increase in silver price
The 1980's saw an increase in the price of silver to $50 an ounce, what the industry retailers and consumers want to is; will it happen again?
It looks like it might.....

As is well documented the price of silver has risen significantly over the last 12 months. 

It was just $18 this time last year and at the end of 2010 was “only” $28 an ounce. The last four months, however, have seen an even steeper silver price rise culminating in the recent 30 year peak of $49. 

 

As a business, at Kit Heath we continue to work hard with our suppliers to maximise design value. 

We hope the silver price increases are short lived, but the general economic climate seems to support a “high” silver price trend for the foreseeable future and not just a temporary supply curve like we saw in the 80's. 

Silver is now an investment vehicle, at least whilst global interest rates are kept low and whilst demand outstrips supply. As a result the silver price is expected to remain high, volatile and at the mercy of speculators.

We will continue to carefully monitor the silver price on a regular basis, as we remain wholly committed to our strategy of offering excellent value for money to our retailers and consumers.

Further reading on the subject:

Silver outshines gold and platinum as an asset in 2010

Kit Heath: We must re-educate shoppers on silver

see y'all next week :)

Food Reward: a Dominant Factor in Obesity, Part III

Low-Fat Diets

In 2000, the International Journal of Obesity published a nice review article of low-fat diet trials.  It included data from 16 controlled trials lasting from 2-12 months and enrolling 1,910 participants (1).  What sets this review apart is it only covered studies that did not include instructions to restrict calorie intake (ad libitum diets).  On average, low-fat dieters reduced their fat intake from 37.7 to 27.5 percent of calories.  Here's what they found:
Read more »

CEIC 2011

Hello Readers,
Thanks to everyone who came to my session at CEIC 2011, I hope you enjoyed it. Here are my slides: link that I used in my presentation. I'll have the code up soon for everyone to download. I'll be making one post per exchange version so I can explain the procedures.

She said, he read (and he read, and he read..)

Several times in the recent past I have written an email to a single person asking them a question. They replied to my question, but in their reply they carbon copied (cc'd) several other people. In one instance the cc'd person was relevant. In another instance the cc'd people were most definitely not relevant, and I was surprised to find the responder write, "We discussed your question and decided..."

I understand people are trying to be helpful, but this is getting a bit ridiculous.

When I telephone someone, there is usually a social contract that the telephone call is just between the two of us unless otherwise specified.  Somehow this has been lost in email. (Maybe it was never there in the first place?)

Several lawyer friends have told me they don't conduct any business or send anything remotely important over email - they do everything in person or over the phone. "It's not discoverable", they say.

Despite having the typical Computer Scientist's dislike of telephone conversations, I am now beginning to appreciate their value.

Clarifications About Carbohydrate and Insulin

My statements about carbohydrate and insulin in the previous post seem to have kicked up some dust!  Some people are even suggesting I've gone low-fat!  I'm going to take this opportunity to be more specific about my positions.

I do not think that post-meal insulin spikes contribute to obesity, and they may even oppose it. Elevated fasting insulin is a separate issue-- that's a marker of insulin resistance.  It's important not to confuse the two.  Does insulin resistance contribute to obesity?  I don't know, but it's hypothetically possible since insulin acts like leptin's kid brother in some ways.  As far as I can tell, starch per se and post-meal insulin spikes do not lead to insulin resistance.
Read more »

today is taylor's first dance recital.  yesterday was dress rehearsal and i was that mom that got teary eyed watching my daughter dance.  dance was a huge part of my childhood...i danced for 16 yrs and my parents attended countless recitals and performances. it feels really special being on the other side watching taylor do the same thing.
*i wish i was creative enough to have a ballerina inspired party waiting for her after the recital...instead it will most likely be pizza :)  

**images courtesy of snippet and ink, natalie spencer photography/beach bungalow 8

And our survey says…

This week, we’re sending out the School Sport Survey to every single school and college in Wales. This is like the census of school sport!

We’ll not only be asking teachers to complete the survey but primary and secondary schoolchildren too.

In our latest blogpost, Rachel Hughes, Research Manager at Sport Wales, gives us 8 reasons why the school sport survey is important and why we’re encouraging schools and colleges to fill it in:

·         We’ll be able to track how many young people are taking part in sport and how often

·         We’ll know what sports and activities are growing in popularity – and which are not!

·         Sport Wales, local authorities and other sporting organisations will be able to use the data to make informed decisions about sport for young people in your area

·         We’ll be able to identify which groups are less likely to take part in sport – whether it’s by gender, age group or the area in which they live

·         We’ll know much more about what stops young people taking part in sport – and what motivates them!

·         We’ll have a better understanding of the importance that young people are placing on sport in comparison to other leisure activities

·         We’ll find out whether young people feel that sport contributes to a healthy lifestyle

·    We’ll also know whether pupils enjoy their PE lessons

·         If schools provide a sufficient sample to analyse, they will receive a report to help them identify strengths and gaps in provision, and help them evidence the well-being of their pupils

Schools have until the end of July to complete the survey.

Do you have any questions about the survey? Please let us know and we'll be happy to help!

Taking a risk for someone else

I read this article last night, and it brought tears to my eyes. It's about James Zwerg, a white college student who was part of a group of non-violent civil rights activists (the Freedom Riders) who rode an integrated bus though the deep south in 1961. They did this to prove a point - travel facilities on the interstates in the South were just as segregated and racist as they ever were despite the Supreme Court's rulings, and it was time for the government to act.

They endured incredible violence and emotional tumult, the latter not only from aggressive people they encountered during their travels, but also from their families.

Stanley Nelson made a documentary about the Freedom Riders which you can watch on your local PBS station or on DVD. (It first aired May 16th). Many clips from the flip are online as well.

I find myself struck by two thoughts. First, what an incredibly brave thing these students did. They risked their lives and endured a tremendous amount of grief to get the government to actually do something.

Second, I wonder why now, 50 years later, so many people are so risk-averse when it comes to standing up to people who make racist/sexist/ableist remarks. Compared to what The Freedom Riders did, confronting someone on this stuff is nothing.

I hope this film, and other associated events of the 50th anniversary of the Freedom Rides, gives people the courage to act.

Sejarah Lingerie

The "lingerie" pertama?

Ketika kita berpikir tentang lingerie seksi, kita berpikir cahaya, bahan tipis, biasanya tembus, tersampir memuja atas tubuh perempuan, yang mencakup hanya cukup untuk merangsang laki-laki mudah dipengaruhi. Tapi jauh sebelum Kristus, di pulau Kreta, di Laut Mediterania, perempuan sangat berani. Gagasan mereka lingerie adalah korset korset bertulang, dirancang bukan untuk dukungan, tetapi untuk menggoda pria, dengan mendorong payudara mereka dan keluar, harfiah mengekspos mereka di seluruh kemegahan mereka. Meskipun mereka mencapai "seksi" sebagian, "lingerie" bagian itu tidak seperti apa yang kita anggap sebagai pakaian hari ini.

Sepanjang waktu, karena setiap visi siluet muncul, pakaian diciptakan untuk memenuhi dan menekankan bentuk ini. Ada, tentu saja, dua elemen utama dalam sebuah siluet - patung dan butt. Beberapa masyarakat ingin patung menjadi menonjol, sementara beberapa merasa bahwa pantat harus menjadi "point of interest". Satu hal yang tak pernah berubah adalah bahwa kita pada belas kasihan dari guru fashion - apa pun yang mereka katakan adalah, itulah yang kita pakai.
siluet akan beralih dari mendalam untuk empuk

Masyarakat di Abad Pertengahan merasa bahwa siluet harus terkendali, terutama payudara, yang mereka pikir harus tegas dan kecil. Pada masa itu, perempuan memakai banyak gaya korset atas gaun mereka, semua dengan tujuan yang sama rata payudara mereka. Dan dalam beberapa kasus laki-laki tidak memperhatikan hal ini merata menyanjung, beberapa wanita benar-benar melekat lonceng kecil di sekitar leher mereka - perhatian membawa gemerincing ke bergoyang v.

Selama Renaisans, para ahli fashion Spanyol melihat siluet sebagai empuk - di semua tempat yang tepat. Mereka ingin melihat wanita dengan payudara berbentuk kerucut, perut datar dan pinggang sempit. Dan wanita itu berusaha keras untuk mencapai hal ini terlihat - lebih dari panjang akal, seperti yang kita lihat sekarang. Mereka benar-benar harus memiliki orang lain pakaian mereka karena Facebook cinching dari korset mereka dilakukan Facebook punggung mereka dan membutuhkan banyak kekuatan. Bahkan, mereka terikat dan terikat ketat dari kalkun Thanksgiving.

Hal ini wajar membentuk siluet disambut dengan ketidaksetujuan oleh para pendukung kesehatan yang baik. Dokter mengeluh bahwa korset dikompresi tubuh perempuan begitu erat, organ internal mereka sedang diperas, dan tulang rusuk mereka sedang mendorong keluar dari bentuk. Itu cukup umum bagi perempuan untuk pingsan dan samar - biasanya dihubungkan dengan alam halus betina '. Sebenarnya, itu karena mereka tidak bisa bernapas! Ada satu laporan dari seorang wanita yang benar-benar meninggal ketika rusuknya yang cinched begitu erat bahwa mereka menusuk hatinya. Wow - biaya mencari seksi!

Pada abad ke-18, hidup ini menjadi lebih ringan, dan tren pakaian diikuti. Meskipun struktur whalebone dari korset masih terus perempuan siluet ketat, ada gerakan yang pasti untuk menggabungkan kesenian yang menandai era tersebut. Korset dihiasi dengan pita bordir yang indah, dan tali. Dan itu bukan satu-satunya yang menarik perhatian laki-laki - mereka juga mendorong payudara sampai, mengancam untuk melompat langsung keluar.

Kemudian pada abad ke-18, orang-orang mulai memberontak terhadap banyak hal dan korset tak terkecuali. Sekali lagi, dokter berbicara tentang bahaya dari penekanan tubuh. Dan kali ini mereka mendengar - korset cukup untuk benar-benar memiliki bertulang dilarang.
Siluet lembut disorot

Pada awal 1800-an, siluet itu masih disempurnakan, meminta dukungan bahwa korset tua itu diberikan. Jadi korset kembali, tetapi dengan metode yang lebih rumit konstruksi. Boning masih digunakan, tetapi dalam bagian-bagian yang lebih kecil, memungkinkan untuk gerakan yang lebih. Dan karena mode hari ini untuk melihat lebih terpisah untuk payudara, korset pembuat bernama Leroy datang dengan model ia disebut "perceraian". (Mungkin itu nama itu karena pada saat suami mendapatkannya dibatalkan, dia akan kehilangan minat Dan pemisahan tidak mendahului perceraian, bukan!?) Tapi serius orang-orang, ini masalah merenda dan unlacing disambut oleh desainer korset - mereka mengembangkan sistem yang memungkinkan perempuan untuk menanggalkan pakaian sendiri.

Selama tahun 1840-an, dengan siluet yang sangat berlebihan bagi perempuan, whalebone kembali mulai digunakan, namun kali ini dengan rintangan besar dan crinolines, ditutupi dengan segala macam kain dan trim. Pada masa itu, seorang laki-laki tahu ia telah menemukan wanita modis jika ia bisa meletakkan tangannya di pinggangnya. Dan karena perempuan masih mencoba untuk menarik laki-laki, mereka cinched diri lebih erat.

Tampilan simpai-dan-crinoline segera digantikan oleh siluet lembut-S, masih menggunakan korset, tapi menambah kesibukan ke belakang. Sekarang mereka sudah membuat bagian bawah berlebihan. Ini baik-baik saja, kecuali perempuan harus berdiri banyak karena sebagian besar pantat mereka tertutup oleh hiruk pikuk rumit. Tentu saja, orang-orang menyukai ini karena memberi mereka lebih banyak kesempatan untuk melihat mereka sibuk seksi.

Sebagai desain fashion menjadi lebih inovatif, lebih dari varietas korset diciptakan. Sekarang Anda bisa mendapatkan korset ringan-bertulang untuk pagi, korset tanpa tulang untuk pantai, sebuah korset elastis untuk menunggang kuda, dan sebuah korset kaus untuk naik sepeda. Dengan semua kegiatan perempuan berpartisipasi dalam, pikirkan berapa banyak korset mereka butuhkan!
korset ini diperpanjang - kemudian dikeluarkan

Pada akhir abad ke-19, korset telah menjadi pendukung tidak hanya dari payudara, tetapi dari stoking baru dibentuk. Kaus kaki dimiliki oleh suspender garter dan melekat pada korset - sistem yang sangat kompleks kecurangan.

Pada awal abad ke-20, korset sedang dicampur bawah sejauh lutut. Tetapi banyak orang tidak menyukai gaya itu, dan perancang busana yang condong ke arah gaya, uncorseted lebih bebas-mengalir. Akibatnya, lingerie seksi bagi perempuan hendak mengambil giliran baru. Dengan munculnya revolusi industri, dan penemuan dari mesin jahit, Jerman dan Perancis membuka pabrik-pabrik korset pertama.

Pada tahun 1913, Mary Phelps Jacob menciptakan jenis baru bra. Ini jauh lebih lembut dan lebih pendek daripada korset. Dan itu memungkinkan payudara untuk dibentuk dalam keadaan alami mereka. Ketika terlalu banyak orang yang mulai meminta Maria untuk desain, ia pikir sebaiknya ia mendapatkannya dilindungi. Jadi ia diterapkan untuk paten. Dia akhirnya menjual paten ini ke Warner Perusahaan.

Setelah Perang Dunia I, perempuan mulai memasuki dunia kerja dan korset benar-benar tidak sesuai untuk dipakai di pabrik-pabrik. Mereka membutuhkan lebih pendek rok yang terbuat dari kain pendingin dan ringan yang mudah untuk merawat. Faktor lainnya adalah bahwa perang telah mengambil korban pada pasokan mereka laki-laki, yang berarti persaingan lebih mendarat seorang pria - yang mereka butuhkan untuk melihat sexiest mereka!

Lalu datanglah Twenties Roaring, dengan itu pihak yang rumit. Fashion berubah secara dramatis - siluet kekanak-kanakan itu masuk The pencarian dada datar dan perut, dan pinggul lurus dan bokong, memimpin industri fashion untuk menciptakan korset kebebasan, kamisol, dan celana pof - longgar dan ringan. Dan pengganti sudah lama ditunggu, polos tua putih muncul - lingerie berwarna pastel. Para bra pertama dirancang untuk meratakan payudara, menambah tampilan total kekanak-kanakan. korset itu tidak lagi diperlukan - kecuali bagian bawah yang mengangkat stoking. Jadi korset itu diperpendek sampai ke sabuk - sabuk suspender.
30-an membawa kembali siluet penuh pikir

30-an membawa serta perubahan yang lengkap dalam bentuk siluet yang diinginkan. sisi feminin wanita itu sekali lagi menjadi prioritas. Perempuan didorong untuk melihat proporsi yang baik, penuh pikir, tapi masih cukup ramping di pinggul. Sekarang wanita memiliki set lengkap lingerie untuk pakaian sendiri - sebuah bra payudara-meningkatkan, sabuk suspender elastis, dan korset, yang menyimpan semua kurva di tempat yang tepat.

Salah satu kemajuan terbesar dalam industri lingerie datang di tahun 1930-an, ketika Dunlop Karet diciptakan Lastex. Lastex adalah serat elastis yang bisa terjalin dengan kain yang digunakan untuk membuat mode pakaian. Sekarang industri bisa membuat pakaian dalam berbagai ukuran, untuk benar sesuai bentuk seorang wanita.

Tapi kemudian datang Perang Dunia II, dan dengan itu, kekurangan-nya. Jerman tidak bisa mengimpor kain mereka sudah menggunakan dan industri mereka mengering. Orang-orang mulai membuat keluar rumah-rajutan pakaian apa pun bisa mereka temukan. Tidak sangat seksi, untuk sedikitnya. Tapi mereka hangat.

Setelah perang, lingerie terdiri dari bra suspender dasar dan ikat pinggang. Ini adalah norma bagi kebanyakan wanita. Namun gadis remaja, muncul dari penindasan perang, dan mencari kegembiraan, menjadi target pasar. Ini remaja sangat ingin tumbuh, dan mengenakan pakaian merupakan langkah besar menuju ke sana. Jadi industri pakaian mulai membuat set lingerie seksi yang akan menarik perhatian gadis-gadis muda. Dan industri lingerie Jerman meledak.

Selama di Amerika, industri pakaian sedang membuat tanda sendiri. Setiap orang berusaha untuk menciptakan sesuatu yang baru dan berbeda. Pasar dibanjiri dengan segala macam inovasi untuk membantu wanita terlihat seksi. Sebagai contoh, Howard Hughes menciptakan sebuah bra baru - desain kawat-diperkuat khusus untuk Jane Russell. (Apakah itu salah satu yang mendapat Oscar untuk "Dukungan Terbaik"?)
siluet yang menderita sebagai bra dibakar

Sebagai 60s membawa gelombang gerakan emansipasi perempuan, feminis membakar bra mereka. Ini ironis bahwa mereka telah banyak dukungan untuk gerakan ini, karena sekarang bahwa mereka akan membakar bra mereka, dukungan mereka sudah pergi. Dan, di kemudian hari, mereka akan menemukan bahwa dukungan mereka merosot.

Gerakan ini memberikan industri lingerie hit berat. Banyak produsen dipaksa keluar dari bisnis. Tapi di sisi positif, Lycra baru saja ditemukan, dan kaki perempuan mulai menghiasi dalam atau celana ketat, bahkan lebih baik bagi laki-laki, seksi rok mini-kecil. Dan dengan rok mini datang permintaan untuk celana bikini.

Pada 1980-an, bra kawat-diperkuat telah menjadi nomor satu penjual. Bagi mereka yang membutuhkan yang mendukung menambahkan, ini masih sangat populer saat ini. Mungkin penjual terbesar sekarang adalah push-up bra.
siluet hari ini bervariasi dalam bentuk - tapi selalu terlihat baik di lingerie seksi

Pikirkan seberapa jauh lingerie telah datang - dari korset push-up Yunani kuno, ke push-up bra hari ini. Sejarah sexy lingerie membuktikan satu fakta - beberapa hal yang tidak pernah berubah. Jelas, tujuan tidak berubah - wanita masih ingin tampil seksi. Satu-satunya yang berubah adalah metode.

Kami sekarang memiliki masyarakat yang memungkinkan lebih banyak kebebasan daripada di masa lalu. Kami memiliki lebih ringan, lacier, kain seksi. Kami memiliki lebih banyak ide liberal berapa yang bisa meringis. Dan tentu saja, orang-orang semua untuk itu. Jadi tujuan industri lingerie tetap sama - untuk membuat gambar seorang wanita yang diinginkan dan seksi. Dan jika Anda melihat semua website lingerie seksi, Anda akan melihat bahwa industri ini mencapai tujuannya. Hak guys?

Dengan lingerie mendapatkan lebih banyak eksposur dan lebih di media arus utama, pakaian hanya semakin meningkat popularitasnya. Baru-baru ini, Miss USA kontestan kontes berpose untuk pemotretan resmi mereka di lingerie berenda, suatu peristiwa yang seharusnya dipandang rendah sebagai "sampah" beberapa tahun lalu, kini diterima oleh masyarakat umum. Dalam sumber daya hari dan usia untuk komentar lingerie sampah, tips, dan saran dapat ditemukan di seluruh web.